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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between June-December 1987, 131 patients newly admitted to the tuberculosis wards of the Ndola Central Hospital underwent a history and examination, chest radiography, sputum examination, and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, Wellcome) to test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies. For all sera testing positive, the ELISA was repeated on 2 different occasions before HIV seropositivity was confirmed. 83 patients (67%) had tubercule bacilli on microscopy while 76 (58%) were HIV positive (7 patients had no sputum on admission). 9 patients (7%) had signs of disseminated tuberculosis while the remainder had evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. 4 patients (3%) had normal chest radiography, whereas the rest of the group had intrapulmonary lesions on their films. No association was seen between presence or absence of bacilli and HIV seropositivity (;0.05). HIV seropositive tuberculosis patients were more likely to be younger and female as compared with the HIV seronegative tuberculosis patients (p0.05). It was concluded that HIV infection is common in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients and that young female patients are more likely to be HIV seropositive than their male counterparts.
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PMID:HIV infection in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Ndola, Zambia. 182 83

Severe cutaneous hypersensitivity historically has been an extremely rare complication of antituberculous chemotherapy in African patients. However, the authors have observed 6 such cases in the past year alone in Malawi. In 5 of these cases, patients with sputum-negative pulmonary tuberculosis who were treated with streptomycin, isoniazid, and thiacetazone developed severe Stevens-Johnson syndrome in association with high fever in the third or fourth week of chemotherapy. The 6th patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome in association with high fever in the third or fourth week of chemotherapy. The 6th patient with Stevens- Johnson syndrome was diagnosed with tuberculous pleural effusion. All 6 patients had concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is unknown how HIV infection apparently promotes severe cutaneous side effects in antituberculous chemotherapy recipients. Thiacetazone is considered to be the agency responsible for this side effect, and use of the more expensive streptomycin, rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide regimen is recommended. Given the association between HIV infection and a hypersensitivity reaction, all patients who developed Stevens-Johnson syndrome should be screened for HIV.
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PMID:Stevens-Johnson syndrome during anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy in HIV-seropositive patients: report on six cases. 206 Apr 84

The authors tested 120 consecutive admissions with sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1). Pretreatment chest x-ray appearances were recorded. 71 patients (59%) were males and 49 (41.9%) were females. 43 (35.8%) patients were seropositive for HIV, and were all between the ages of 16-45. The seropositivity for the 56 males and 44 females in this age ranger were 53% and 26%, respectively. Atypical x-ray features were found in 21 of 43 cases compared to 15 of 5 referents (p 0.25). Radiographic features typical of reactivation pulmonary tuberculosis in the adult were found in 73% and 51% of the referents and cases, respectively (p0.025). Pulmonary lesions localized to the middle or lower zones were seen in 20% of cases and 3.3% of the referents (p=0.01). Mediastinal or hilar adenopathy alone or with pulmonary infiltrates occurred more frequently in cases but the results were not significant. These findings indicate that radiological appearances of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients positive for HIV-1 antibodies tend to be atypical in type of lesion and/or anatomic distribution, even for those patients from communities with high prevalence rates of tuberculosis.
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PMID:Radiological features of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 207 Jul 57

A case control study was undertaken during 1988 and 1989 within the framework of the LEPRA Evaluation Project (LEP)/Karonga Prevention Trail (KPT) in Karonga District, northern Malawi, to investigate whether HIV infection is a risk factor for clinical leprosy. Cases were newly ascertained, biopsy-confirmed, incident leprosy patients older than 14 years of age. Controls were selected from the computer data base on over 170,000 people who form the basis of LEP/KPT. They were matched for sex, age, and area of residence. HIV seropositivity rates were 1.8% (2/112) for incident leprosy cases and 2.4% (24/1011) for controls. The Mantel Haenszel odds ratio is 0.6 (95% confidence interval 0.1-3.3). Thus, no evidence for an association between HIV infection and leprosy incidence has been observed in this population. In a parallel investigation, an odds ratio of 7.4% (95% confidence interval 3.3-16.7) was found for 102 microscopy- and/or culture-confirmed, incident pulmonary tuberculosis cases in the same population during 1989, a result similar to those obtained elsewhere in Africa. Among leprosy relapses, 16.7% (2/12) were HIV positive.
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PMID:Is HIV infection a risk factor for leprosy? 786 62

The experience of surgeons in Africa with patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suggests 5 trends: 1) an increased incidence of surgical sepsis--most commonly in the female genital tract, the pleural cavity, large joints, and the anorectal area--in HIV-infected patients; 2) an increase in surgical tuberculosis of spine, bone joints, lymph nodes, and the peritoneal cavity concomitant with an increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in high-incidence countries; 3) impaired healing of wounds, wound breakdown, and the development of skin lesions and ulcers; 4) tumors whose aggressiveness is accelerated by HIV infection; and 5) new pathologies such as nonspecific cystitis, chronic osteitis, and vascular disease. In many cases, HIV infection has not been identified until after hospital patients have demonstrated a rapid, progressive decline after routine surgery. To date, only 1 study has attempted to determine the extent to which HIV infection influences the outcome of surgery. Mortality in an intensive care unit at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia, differed significantly between HIV-positive and seronegative patients only in terms of pneumonia; however, seropositive patients also have an elevated, albeit nonsignificant, risk of mortality from severe gynecologic sepsis.
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PMID:Surgical pathology of HIV infection: lessons from Africa. 755 18

To examine the contribution of HIV infection to the apparently increasing incidence of tuberculosis patients of an outpatient clinic in a teaching hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Overall, 206 patients (60%) tested positive for HIV. The peaks for both tuberculosis and HIV infection were among men aged 25-34 years and women aged 14-24 years. Of patients with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis, 49% were positive for HIV. 81% of patients with pleural disease and 84% of patients with pericardial disease were positive. HIV positive patients with a positive sputum culture were less likely to have had a positive sputum smear, and their chest x-ray films less often showed classic upper zone disease or cavitation. Of 72 patients who fulfilled clinical criteria for AIDS, 17 were negative for HIV. In conclusion, the high prevalence of HIV in patients with tuberculosis suggests that an epidemic of reactivating tuberculosis is arising in those who are infected with HIV. The redirection of public health priorities towards tuberculosis would focus on a major treatable and preventable complication of the AIDS epidemic.
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PMID:Impact of HIV on tuberculosis in Zambia: a cross sectional study. 224 64

In 1990, specific antituberculous chemotherapy can cure almost 100 p. cent of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in France, provided practitioners follow strict therapeutic rules and patients' compliance with treatment is perfect. A single standard treatment is proposed for those patients whose tuberculosis has never previously been treated; it consists of a six months' course of isoniazid (5 mg/kg/day) and rifampicin (10 mg/kg/day); combined with ethambutol (20 mg/kg/day) and pyrazinamide (30 mg/kg/day) during the first two months. This treatment must be administered under regular medical supervision, and it must be prolonged for some time after cure has been obtained. In case of relapse or in some special situations (e.g. pregnant women, HIV positive patients, serofibrinous pleurisy, complex anatomico-clinical forms of the disease) treatment is more difficult, but it should always give favourable results.
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PMID:[Therapeutic modalities in pulmonary tuberculosis]. 232 Aug 96

In April 1987, antibody to HIV-1 was determined in sera from 764 subjects from the Mwanza region in the north of Tanzania. Patients with a clinical suspicion of AIDS were HIV-1 antibody-positive in 65.4% (34 out of 52) and patients admitted for pulmonary tuberculosis in 25% (9 out of 36). In patients attending general outpatient departments (OPD), HIV antibody was found in 12.5% of 48 patients with a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) and in 10.6% of 141 patients without such a history. In healthy subjects, HIV-1 antibody was present in 6% of 332 pregnant women and in 4.5% of 155 blood donors. Of the blood donors, pregnant women and OPD patients without a history of STD (628 subjects in all), 465 belonged to the rural population of the region and the majority were peasants. In this subgroup, the HIV-1 antibody prevalence was 4.8% in blood donors, 4.9% in pregnant women and 10.3% in OPD patients. This indicates a spread of HIV-1 among the population in this part of Tanzania. Further studies are needed to determine what proportion of the population is affected.
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PMID:Prevalence of HIV-1 antibody among groups of patients and healthy subjects from a rural and urban population in the Mwanza region, Tanzania. 250 34

The clinical, microbiological, radiological and sonographical finding of 50 patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection are herewith described. 44 of the patients were men and 46 were intravenous drug addicts. Severe respiratory symptoms and peripheral pathological adenopathies were the most encountered manifestations. Those patients with tuberculosis and negative HIV titers (p less than 0.005) commonly showed lung miliary signs and mediastinal adenopathies when compared to others. Abdominal adenopathies evidenced by sonography were seen in 64.3% of the patients, of which only 2 out of the 27 HIV-positive-markers were of no tuberculous origin (p less than 0.0001). Sputum, urine and ganglia cultures were positive in more than 82%. 24 patients had pulmonary tuberculosis, 11 extra-pulmonary and 17 mixed. The response to treatment was good.
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PMID:[Tuberculosis and HIV infection: study of 50 cases]. 250 38

The prevalence of infection with mycobacteria, both typical and atypical, is increasing along with prevalence of infection with HIV. Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and patients with chronic diarrhoea are forming a growing proportion of the patient population in hospitals in central Africa. To investigate the possibility that mycobacteria may be responsible for some of the HIV-related enteropathy seen in Lusaka, we studied 89 patients in four different diagnostic groups, clinically, by Mantoux test and by microscopy and culture of stool specimens for mycobacteria. In the HIV-positive group with chronic diarrhoea (n = 31), two patients were found to have mycobacteria on faecal smear and three were culture positive while of the 15 HIV-negative controls, three were smear positive and three were culture positive. Of the 15 patients with proven PTB, three had positive faecal smears but none were culture positive. In the fourth group of 24 patients with suspected PTB, seven were smear positive and five, culture positive. Only in this last group was there some correlation between smear results and culture results. Although this last finding is difficult to explain, it appears that there is no correlation between the symptom of chronic diarrhoea and the presence of mycobacteria in the stool. We conclude that mycobacteria do not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of HIV-related enteropathy in Lusaka.
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PMID:Faecal mycobacteria and their relationship to HIV-related enteritis in Lusaka, Zambia. 250 16


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