Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent research reported that bacterial vaginosis (BV) might enhance the acquisition and transmission of HIV. BV is also associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, a disease also associated with intrauterine device (IUD) insertion. To measure the magnitude of this problem, we conducted a prevalence survey of BV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs; defined as current infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis) among all patients attending a family planning clinic in Manado from May to July 1999. BV was diagnosed by Gram stain using Nugent's criteria and vaginal trichomoniasis by wet mount or culture. Cervical infections with C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae were diagnosed by DNA probe. Of 357 patients, 116 (32.5%) had BV, 83 (23.3%) had trichomoniasis, 9 (2.5%) had chlamydia, and 8 (2.2%) had gonorrhea. The prevalence of STD was similar among users of all types of contraception. However, BV was more common among IUD users (47.2%) than among non-IUD users (29.9%). This association persisted after controlling for age, education, ever had douching, and any STD (odds ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.8). BV was also associated with STD (41.3% in women with STD vs. 29.4% in women without). This association remained significant after adjusting for age, education, ever had douching, and IUD use (odds ratio 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.9). Because we found that BV was associated with IUDs and that other studies reported that both BV and IUDs were associated with pelvic inflammatory disease, a Gram stain evaluation of BV may be considered prior to IUD insertion
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PMID:High rate of bacterial vaginosis among women with intrauterine devices in Manado, Indonesia. 1170 96

We assessed the association between the causative agents of vaginal discharge and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among women attending a rural sexually transmitted disease clinic in South Africa; the role played by coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was studied. Vaginal and cervical specimens were obtained to detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and bacterial vaginosis. HIV-1 infection was established by use of serum antibody tests. A total of 696 women with vaginal discharge were recruited, 119 of whom had clinical PID. Patients with trichomoniasis had a significantly higher risk of PID than did women without trichomoniasis (P=.03). PID was not associated with any of the other pathogens. When the patients were stratified according to HIV-1 status, the risk of PID in HIV-1-infected patients with T. vaginalis increased significantly (P=.002); no association was found in patients without HIV-1. T. vaginalis infection of the lower genital tract is associated with a clinical diagnosis of PID in HIV-1-infected women.
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PMID:Trichomonas vaginalis is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 1179 80

Trichomoniasis has been implicated in the acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The prevalence, incidence, and persistence or recurrence of trichomoniasis were assessed among HIV-positive women and among HIV-negative women at high risk for HIV infection. A total of 871 HIV-seropositive women and 439 HIV-seronegative women enrolled in the HIV Epidemiology Study (HERS) were seen biannually. The prevalence of trichomoniasis was 9.4%-29.5% among HIV-seropositive women and 8.2%-23.4% among HIV-seronegative women. Prevalence decreased over time, did not vary according to HIV status or CD4 cell count, and was higher among women who reported crack use (P=.02) or cigarette use (P=.02), women who had bacterial vaginosis (P=.02), and those who were black (compared with white women, P<.001). There were no differences, according to HIV status or CD4 cell count, in the adjusted incidence, unadjusted incidence, or persistence or recurrence of trichomoniasis. HIV infection does not make a woman more likely to have prevalent, incident, or persistent or recurrent trichomoniasis.
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PMID:Prevalence, incidence, and persistence or recurrence of trichomoniasis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women and among HIV-negative women at high risk for HIV infection. 1198 38

The social determinants and epidemiology of sexually transmitted disease (STD) were studied in rural communities in Mwanza Region, Tanzania, in the context of the phase specific model of STD transmission. The prevalence of HIV and syphilis was higher in communities close to main roads, and lower in communities living on islands in Lake Victoria, probably reflecting the proportion of high risk individuals in the population. The prevalence of Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, gonorrhoea, chlamydial infection, and trichomoniasis was similar in all types of community, reflecting the fact that these infections remain in the hyperendemic phase. The transmission of STDs is fuelled by high population mobility and by the presence of high risk individuals in rural as well as roadside communities.
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PMID:STD/HIV intervention and research programme Mwanza Region, NW Tanzania. 1208 52

Wet preparation has limited sensitivity for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection. An observational study of 337 women was conducted to evaluate a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for TV. The sensitivities of wet preparation and TV culture were 52% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41-62) and 78% (95% CI, 69-86), respectively. TV PCR had a sensitivity of 84% (95% CI, 75-90) and a specificity of 94% (95% CI, 90-97). Metronidazole was provided to 67 (69%) of 97 women with TV because of TV on wet preparation, exposure to TV, or a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis or pelvic inflammatory disease; however, if TV PCR had been used for diagnosis, 81 (84%) of 97 women with TV would have been treated (P=.02). TV is significantly undertreated using standard algorithms for metronidazole therapy. Given the association of trichomoniasis with perinatal morbidity and HIV transmission, women in high-risk groups may benefit from TV PCR.
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PMID:Trichomonas vaginalis polymerase chain reaction compared with standard diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for detection and treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. 1217 32

A survey on the sexually transmitted disease (STD) incidence in the rural region of Chatlon was conducted by the Republican Reproductive Health Center as part of the agreement between the Government of Tajikistan and WHO for the implementation of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) project "Improving Reproductive Health Services and Access to Family Planning." Some 1034 women answered the questionnaire on all aspects of STDs; 400 women were physically examined, and 200 blood specimens were tested for syphilis, hepatitis B and C, and HIV. 75.7% of the examined cases revealed a variety of STDs: trichomoniasis (25.3%), candidosis (17.9%), chlamydia trachomatis (14.9%), syphilis (5.6%), gonorrhea (.2%), and hepatitis B virus (.2%). STDs were most commonly found in the 21-39 age group; the lowest rate (1.89% of the cases) was found among women with a high educational level. Investigations also showed a low awareness of STDs among the population: 72% of those questioned knew nothing about STDs, while 62.8% of all housewives in the survey group knew nothing to prevent STDs. Furthermore, STD screening of the 17-20 age group revealed that 30% had genital skin changes, while 77.7% of the 19-20 age group had vaginal discharges. The results confirmed that there was a high prevalence of STDs in Tajikistan, suggesting that there was a need to promote urgent social and medical remedies. Three main goals for combating STDs are outlined: 1) to improve quality of life, 2) to decrease the risk of infection through primary prevention, and 3) to diagnose and provide early treatment to people who are infected with curable forms of STDs.
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PMID:Tajikistan: STD survey results. 1222 7

Since simple quantitative measures of levels of infectious virus in blood, semen, and cervical secretions do not exist, the medical community does not yet understand the biological factors that determine both infectivity of and susceptibility to sexually transmitted HIV infection. A prospective study of female prostitutes and clients in Kenya shows that genital ulcer disease (GUD) especially chancroid was a very strong risk factor for HIV seroconversion (relative risk=4.7). The presence of a GUD also facilitated transmission. Yet a cohort study in Kinshasa, Zaire demonstrates that GUD prevalence was only 5% and of 55 women who seroconverted over 2 years, just 4 had a GUD before seroconversion. Another study of female prostitutes in Kinshasa finds that the nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) chlamydiasis, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis were also strongly related to HIV seroconversions (odds ratios=5, 3.5, and 1.9, respectively). Other research indicated that HIV infection influences STDs. For example, several case reports indicate that HIV infection causes more frequent progression to neurosyphilis, an atypical clinical presentation of syphilis, poor response to standard therapy, and high numbers of false negative and false positive serologic tests. These studies did not use a comparative HIV negative group, however. A study of 116 homosexual men shows a significantly greater mean number of recurrences of anal warts in HIV positive cases than HIV negative cases. A study in Kenya demonstrates a 4-fold higher incidence of gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease in HIV positive prostitutes. These various results highlight the need to integrate STD prevention and control efforts with HIV control programs.
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PMID:Interactions between STDs and HIV infection. 1228 27

Wisconsin Pharmacal's Female Health Company stated plans for the launch of the Reality female condom at a press conference in New York. The disposable polyurethane barrier contraceptive is a soft sheath that is open on one end and closed at the other. Reality began to appear on retail shelves in the US in August 1994, and it is available over the counter in all major drug store chains, many supermarket chains, independent pharmacies, and grocery stores. The company hopes to ultimately obtain about 2% of sexually active women as regular users, or about one million regular users on an annual basis. In 1993, male condom sales exceeded 700 million units. In late August 1994, the Female Health Company sent letters to 65,000 pharmacies and 50,000 physicians announcing the availability of Reality in retail outlets. A professional sales force of more than 60 people began presenting Reality to more than 10,000 selected high-potential U.S. physicians and other health care professionals. Before FDA approval, a six-month contraceptive study found that when used consistently and correctly, Reality's pregnancy failure rate was 2.6%; the typical failure rate was 12.4%. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that Reality's polyurethane sheath is an effective barrier to HIV and to a viral particle smaller than hepatitis B. One limited STD clinical study found that the reinfection rate of trichomoniasis was 0% when the female condom was used consistently and 14.7% when it was not used with every sex act. One study will measure Reality's effectiveness as a barrier to gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, and another study will explore what method of protection women will use when given a choice. An ongoing study at the University of Alabama at Birmingham's School of Public Health is looking at Reality's efficacy at preventing gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes simplex-2, compared with the male condom.
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PMID:Condom campaign heralds arrival of weapon against AIDS. 1228 15

Although considerable global attention and effort have been devoted to preventing and controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS, comparatively little focus has been given to controlling other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). However, since HIV, like other STDs, may be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, measures implemented to check the spread of HIV through sexual contact also help to limit the transmission of other STDs. Gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, genital herpes, syphilis, and human papillomavirus infections cause infertility, cervical cancer, and adverse outcomes of pregnancy such as spontaneous abortion, prematurity, and stillbirth. Many people, however, remain unconvinced that STD infection has important adverse effects upon the health of women and their infants. There are enormous morbidity, mortality, and health care costs associated with these STDs. The author discusses how women are at increased risk relative to men, as well as primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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PMID:Women, children and STDs: addressing the other STD epidemic. Opinion. 1229 53

Summarized in this bibliography are the seven key studies published in 1982-94 on the association between nonoxynol-9 and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV. Study sites included Cameroon, Kenya, Thailand, and the US. An observational study conducted among female sex workers in Cameroon found a significant reduction in HIV infection rates among consistent users of a vaginal suppository containing nonoxynol-9, with no increase in the incidence of genital ulcers. On the other hand, a contraceptive sponge containing the spermicide did not reduce the HIV risk among sex workers from Kenya. The remaining studies identified lower rates of gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and pelvic inflammatory disease with nonoxynol-9 use.
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PMID:Selected research involving N-9 and STDs. 1229 96


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