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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of trichomoniasis in Malawian men, to evaluate a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection assay for T. vaginalis in urethral swab samples, and to examine the effect of T. vaginalis infection on HIV excretion in the semen. There were 206 men with symptomatic urethritis in STD clinic and 127 asymptomatic men in the Dermatology Clinic who were enrolled from January to March 1996. Results, according to a wet-mount microscopy and urethral swabs culture combination, showed that, of 293 men, only 38 (13%) men were positive for T. vaginalis. The estimated prevalence among symptomatic and asymptomatic cases was 15.7% and 8.7%, respectively. The PCR yielded a sensitivity of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.66-0.92) and specificity of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91-0.97); these were compared to the wet-mount microscopy and culture combination. Overall HIV seroprevalence of men was 51%, because gonococcal urethritis was shown to significantly increase seminal HIV RNA levels. The median HIV RNA concentration in seminal plasma from men with symptomatic urethritis plus T. vaginalis infection was significantly higher than in seminal plasma from HIV-positive men with symptomatic urethritis only. Since this study has several important limitations, a randomized clinical trial would be useful for determining whether urethritis cure rates can be significantly improved.
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PMID:Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of urethritis in Malawian men. 1045 31

This study reports on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among pregnant women in Bangui, Central African Republic. A total of 481 pregnant women visiting the antenatal services of the 3 major governmental health centers were included in the study. All these women were interviewed and underwent gynecological examination, including laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, gonorrhea, syphilis and bacterial vaginosis. The results revealed that 34% of the women were diagnosed with at least one STI. Gonorrhea accounted for 3.1%, chlamydiasis for 6.2%, trichomoniasis for 9.9%, syphilis for 6.7%, and HIV-1 for 12.2%. In addition, 29.1% of women were diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis and 46.6% with candidiasis. The majority of the women diagnosed with an STI reported specific clinical symptoms during the week before they entered into the study, but only a minority of them actively sought treatment, and only half of those consulted the formal health sector. Self-reported and health worker-recognized symptoms, signs and laboratory results manifested only low sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values in STI diagnosis. These results confirmed the high susceptibility of young African women to STIs. Therefore, specific control interventions should be carried out which incorporate affordable and user-friendly services.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted infections in young pregnant women in Bangui, Central African Republic. 1049 29

A prospective cohort study was conducted to examine the relationship between vaginal colonization with lactobacilli, bacterial vaginosis (BV), and acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and sexually transmitted diseases in a population of sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. In total, 657 HIV-1-seronegative women were enrolled and followed at monthly intervals. At baseline, only 26% of women were colonized with Lactobacillus species. During follow-up, absence of vaginal lactobacilli on culture was associated with an increased risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection (hazard ratio [HR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3.5) and gonorrhea (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.6), after controlling for other identified risk factors in separate multivariate models. Presence of abnormal vaginal flora on Gram's stain was associated with increased risk of both HIV-1 acquisition (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1) and Trichomonas infection (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4). Treatment of BV and promotion of vaginal colonization with lactobacilli should be evaluated as potential interventions to reduce a woman's risk of acquiring HIV-1, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis.
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PMID:Vaginal lactobacilli, microbial flora, and risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and sexually transmitted disease acquisition. 1055 42

This clinical trial was conducted to determine the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhea and its correlation with other sexually transmitted disease (STD) causing organisms. A total of 336 consecutive women (female sex workers (FSWs) and married contacts) attending an STD clinic in Mumbai, India, were screened for N. gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Speculum examinations were performed, the vulva and external genitalia were assessed for ulcers and warts, and clinical signs were recorded. The symptoms reported by the women were also documented. The mean age of married contacts was 27.9 years, while that of FSWs was 29.7 years. The mean age of gonorrhea-, chlamydia-, and trichomonas-positive women was 27.3, 28.0, and 28.8 years, respectively. This study showed that 9.7% of the women were gonorrhea-positive, 23.3% were chlamydia-positive, and 5.9% were trichomonas-positive. N. gonorrhea was more prevalent among FSWs than married contacts. Moreover, HIV was more prevalent among FSWs (P 0.001). Gonococcal infection is significantly associated with HIV. An important correlation between sex behavior and the prevalence of gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and HIV was found. Between 1988 and 1996 the prevalence of gonorrhea remained approximately the same.
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PMID:Disease prevalence in women attending the STD clinic in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), India. 1066

Trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidiasis are reproductive tract infections (RTIs) of the vagina. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 4 prenatal clinics in Kingston, Jamaica, to estimate the prevalence of these infections and the risk factors that may facilitate their transmission among pregnant women. Of the 269 women studied, 18.0% had culture-positive trichomoniasis, 44.1% had BV (Nugent score > or = 7) and 30.7% were positive for candidiasis by wet mount. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that having a malodorous discharge was associated with trichomoniasis (odd ratios [OR]=3.9, confidence intervals [CI]=1.04-14.7) and BV (OR=3.4, CI=1.3-8.7). Women who took action to prevent HIV infection had lower BV prevalence (OR=0.34, CI=0.12-0.98). Women who were employed were less likely to have any of the infections (OR=0.61, CI=0.36-1.03). The strong association of a symptomatic presentation with trichomoniasis and BV suggests the merit of considering syndromic management of vaginitis in this population.
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PMID:Vaginal infections in pregnant women in Jamaica: prevalence and risk factors. 1099 Mar 36

338 women with age ranging from 15 to 69 years in a suburban Sudanese community were randomly selected and studied. Urine sample, high vaginal swabs and blood samples were investigated for bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhoea, HIV and syphilis. The sensitivity and specificity of some laboratory tests were evaluated. Bacterial vaginosis was found in 17.2% of the subjects, candidiasis in 10.1%, trichomoniasis in 7.7%, gonorrhoea in 1.2%, HIV in 1.2% and syphilis in 0.9% of the subjects. The sensitivity and specificity of amine test as a criterion for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis was 58.6% and 73.2%, respectively. The respective values of clue cells in wet preparation were 43.1% and 99.6%. The vaginal discharge in women with bacterial vaginosis lacked pus cells unless associated with concurrent infection.
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PMID:Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among women in a suburban Sudanese community. 1126 11

The correlation between sexually transmitted infections and cervicovaginal dysplasia has been evaluated in a cohort of 135 women who tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) and were admitted to Amedeo di Savoia Hospital of Turin during the years 1997 and 1998 (stages B2 and B3 or C2 and C3). Of these women. 31 presented with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs; mean age, 33.5 +/- 5.9 years). Among them, 14 were affected by cervicovaginal dysplasia of differing severity; human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was found in 13 subjects (10 with cervicovaginal dysplasia). Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection was detected in six women. Finally, Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans were found in 10 and in 6 patients, respectively. Immunologic and hematologic evaluations were performed in the patients affected by STDs; in 28 patients of our case report unaffected by STDs but of similar ages (34.1 +/- 5.6 years) and stage of infection; and in 20 HIV-negative women unaffected by STDs. A significant reduction among the patients affected by STDs, as compared to those unaffected, was found in the case of white cells, CD4+ T cells, and ratio values (CD4 +/ and CD8 + T cells). Moreover, red cell count and hemoglobin concentration were lower in those women in the STD group. A lack of correlation was found between HIV RNA loads and CD4 + T cell counts and between HIV RNA and hemoglobin concentration in the patients with cervicovaginal dysplasia and in those affected by HSV-2 infection, which differed from the findings in subjects affected only by trichomoniasis or candidiasis. This suggests that the two former pathologic conditions (cervico-vaginal dysplasia and HSV-2 infection), other than HIV- I infection, may contribute to the impairment of these values. Moreover in our case report, T vaginalis and HSV-2 infections, which are suspected to have an oncogenic potential, do not seem to be relevant in the induction or facilitation of genital neoplastic diseases. Noteworthy is that the patients affected by HSV-2 infection, such as those affected by genital neoplastic diseases, showed the most compromised values of total white cells, CD4+ T cells, ratio index, red cells, and hemoglobin concentration.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted infections and cervicovaginal dysplasia in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-positive women in Turin. 1127 Apr 19

The Second Conference on HIV Infection in Women, held in Washington, D.C. on February 22 to 24, offered data addressing the manifestation of HIV infection and AIDS progression in women, including wasting syndrome, vertical transmission, pregnancy and CD4 count, genital tract infections, cervical disease, and HPV (Human Papillomavirus). Clinical data on HIV progression in women shows that women were one-third more likely than men to experience death as the first clinical event after study enrollment, but among those who survived, there was no difference in progression between men and women. It was reported that male and female hormones could create major gender differences in wasting syndrome. Two studies addressing different issues related to transmission of HIV infection from pregnant women to their infants indicate 1) plasma HIV-1 RNA level at delivery correlated strongly with vertical transmission, 2) AZT did not appear to have an effect on vertical transmission, and 3) viral RNA titers remained stable throughout pregnancy in women not taking antivirals or who remained on one antiviral treatment throughout. Other data presented show a relationship between HIV-positive pregnant women and vitamin A deficiencies; their newborns had a higher infant mortality rate. Pregnancy was found to not affect CD4 or CD8 counts. Candida vaginitis was significantly associated with HIV, but not bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, syphilis, chlamydia, or gonorrhea. Studies have shown that cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is more common in HIV-infected women. The conference presented studies that explored whether Pap or colposcopy-confirmed CIN was the best screening test.
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PMID:National conference examines HIV/AIDS in women. 1136 58

The causes, diagnosis, treatment options, and recent research findings of vaginal infections in HIV-infected women are discussed. Three common types of vaginitis are addressed: vaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis. The prevalence of candidiasis is an important indicator of HIV disease severity and data is provided that shows its frequency, compared to other genital infections, in HIV-positive women.
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PMID:Vaginal candidiasis and other types of vaginitis. 1136 88

Brief summaries of the rate of infection and symptoms are provided for the following major sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): herpes simplex virus type 2, human papilloma viruses, trichomoniasis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, and syphilis. Because STDs increase susceptibility to HIV and other serious complications, HIV educators are advised to counsel patients on the risks of STD exposure and infection. The rates by which some STDs increase the risk of infection with HIV are also provided.
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PMID:An overview of sexually transmitted diseases. 1136 73


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