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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The neurological features of 10 patients with HIV-related disease seen in Glasgow between July 1984 and May 1988 are described. Two of these patients presented with ARC and eight with AIDS. Six patients showed features consistent with a diagnosis of AIDS-dementia complex, one had cerebral toxoplasmosis, one had CNS lymphoma, one had a probable drug-induced encephalopathy and one patient had a meningoencephalitis of undetermined cause. Seven of these patients have now died. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Neurological features of HIV-related disease in Glasgow. 274 Aug 91

The results are described of a retrospective multicentric CT/MR study of 141 neuro-AIDS patients (IV group CDC classification); 114 patients were drug addicted, 13 homosexual, 8 polytransfused, and 6 had other risk factors. The mean age was 29.6 years. The pathologic agent was identified in 47 cases by c.s. fluid examination, biopsy, autopsy or specific treatment response: it was HIV in 20 cases, toxoplasmosis in 11, cryptococcosis in 9, leishmaniasis, salmonella and papovavirus in single cases. In the follow up of 2 cases, a Kaposi's sarcoma and a primitive CNS lymphoma occurred. The main clinical features were AIDS-dementia complex (45% of cases) and focal neurologic manifestations (36%). The neuroradiological protocol consisted of 238 CT exams (97 controls), most of them with DDD (delayed double dose) technique, 7 MR exams (0.15 T) and 2 angiographies. CT findings were divided into 3 groups: negative (16%), atrophic (47%) and focal lesions (37%). In the first and second group, HIV and cryptococcal infections were the main pathologic agents. In the third group toxoplasma infections were discovered, and TB granulomas and other pathologic conditions, with ring-like or nodular enhancement, in cortical/cortico-medullary location. In follow-up patients a high tendency of evolution towards focal lesions was observed, even in negative cases. The DDD enhancement technique allowed in most cases both the demonstration of very small lesions and their grading. According to the literature CT, though a highly sensitive method, is inferior to MR imaging; however our experience in this field is currently insufficient. The specific diagnosis of pathologic agents of neuro-AIDS is difficult, due to the high number of opportunistic AIDS-related infections and neoplasms, with overlapping features: differential diagnostic criteria can be assessed only by comparing the clinical, microbiological, topographic, CT and MR findings. CT and MR exams are necessary to guide and monitor therapy and to plan stereotaxis biopsy.
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PMID:[Neuro-AIDS: a multicenter neuroradiological study]. 275 76

Central nervous system (CNS) infection by Toxoplasma gondii is not uncommon in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Extraneural toxoplasmosis has been reported in the heart, lungs, testes, and skin of AIDS patients with concurrent CNS toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma myocarditis is rare even in AIDS patients, except in Haitians. We report the case of a homosexual white man with positive HIV serology who presented with neurological complaints. A diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was not established before death, but at autopsy the patient had cerebral toxoplasmosis and Toxoplasma myocarditis.
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PMID:Toxoplasmosis of the brain and heart: autopsy report of a patient with AIDS. 275 91

A young woman had hemichorea-hemiballismus subsequently found to be secondary to a cerebral toxoplasmosis infection complicating human immunodeficiency virus infection. This patient had the sixth reported case of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with hemichorea-hemiballismus, and each has been secondary to cerebral toxoplasmosis. The presence of hemichorea-hemiballismus in a young patient should suggest a diagnosis of AIDS and in particular the diagnosis of secondary cerebral toxoplasmosis. Other movement disorders that occur in AIDS are discussed.
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PMID:Hemichorea-hemiballismus associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and cerebral toxoplasmosis. 236 48

Neurological manifestations are present in 30% to 60% of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and may be the initial presentation in 10% to 20% of cases. Central nervous system toxoplasmosis now represents the most common focal brain lesion in patients with AIDS and possibly the most common opportunistic infection. A case of fulminant central nervous system toxoplasmosis as the initial presentation of AIDS is presented. Emergency physicians will be confronted with neurological complications of AIDS with increasing frequency in the future and should maintain a high index of suspicion for human immunodeficiency virus infection in young patients with neurological dysfunction.
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PMID:CNS toxoplasmosis as the initial presentation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 280 53

The authors report on two patients who presented with sudden loss of vision, due to irodocyclitis and retinochoroiditis in one patient and optic neuritis in the other. AIDS was diagnosed in both patients on the basis of a positive HIV antibody assay, lymphopenia, and a reduced helper-to-suppressor subset ratio. Soon afterwards, the patient with retinochoroiditis developed the full-blown picture of AIDS with cerebral involvement. Neither anticytomegaly treatment with DHPG nor triple therapy for toxoplasmosis was able to prevent the fatal course. The patient died within six months. In contrast, the patient with optic neuritis recovered full visual acuity. So far there has been no relapse, nor any opportunistic infection in other organs.
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PMID:[Initial diagnosis of acquired immunologic deficiency syndrome (AIDS) by the ophthalmologist]. 282 95

Infection with the AIDS virus itself (HIV, HTLV-III, LAV, ARV) is associated with a full spectrum of neurological disorders. The application of diagnostic studies for HTLV-III infection has demonstrated that these neurologic disorders can be the first manifestation of AIDS or occur in the absence of AIDS. The most common conditions associated with HTLV-III infection alone are a subacute encephalopathy (AIDS dementia) and peripheral neuropathy; however, vacuolar myelopathy and both acute and chronic aseptic meningitis are also common. Congenital (or neonatal) transmission of the virus can result in a mental retardation syndrome of delayed onset. The AIDS virus is neurotropic as well as targeting T-helper lymphocytes. The virus has been readily identified in neural tissues and cerebrospinal fluid, including instances in which other central nervous system infections, such as toxoplasmosis, coexist. Hence, recognition of an appropriate syndrome, neurodiagnostic studies, and exclusion (or treatment) of other infections, as well as evidence for HTLV-III infection are required for diagnosis. The development of successful therapy will require agents which cross the blood-brain barrier.
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PMID:Neurology of AIDS virus infection: a clinical classification. 282 50

HIV-infected patients are at markedly increased risk for neurological dysfunction, which may occur at any level of the neuraxis (see Table 1). The most common syndromes--AIDS dementia complex, vacuolar myelopathy, and possibly distal symmetric peripheral neuropathy--appear to be related to HIV infection within the nervous system, rather than due to the immunoincompetence caused by HIV. However, the mechanism(s) by which HIV causes these syndromes, e.g., infecting neurons or oligodendroglia directly, interfering with neurotrophic factors, effecting toxic monokine production, etc., is unknown. Early, albeit incomplete, success with azidothymidine is encouraging. Less commonly, neurological syndromes may be secondary to the immunoincompetence produced by HIV. Many different etiologies--most of which are treatable--have been encountered, but a few of these (cerebral toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, primary CNS lymphoma, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) are responsible for most of the opportunistic complications. Marked differences in symptoms and signs between AIDS patients and immunologically normal patients may complicate recognition of some of these diseases (e.g., herpes simplex encephalitis). Finally, some HIV-associated syndromes, e.g., inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and retinal microvasculopathy, are of unknown etiology.
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PMID:The neurology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. 285 54

A case of AIDS due to HIV/LAV2 is reported. The patient was a 32 year old man from Guinea-Bissau with no known risk factors. He had brain toxoplasmosis, oral thrush and chronic genital herpes. Investigations for IgG anti-HIV/LAV1' (Elisa, Western Blot, Ripa) were negative. Antibodies to HIV/LAV2 were found and cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes and cerebro-spinal fluid were positive. HIV/LAV2 seems to be similar to STLV-III (mac), STLV-III (agm), and probably HTLV-IV.
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PMID:[Clinical and virological study of a case of infection with the HIV-LAV 2 virus]. 289 71

Reported in this paper are postmortem findings recorded from the central nervous system of 51 HIV carriers, among them 43 with clinically manifest AIDS. Opportunistic infections and tumours were established in 24 cases, including toxoplasmosis, cytomegaly, progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy, and lymphomas. Findings obtained from 5 patients were restricted to unspecific alterations. No pathological findings at all were recordable from 8 HIV carriers without AIDS. So-called subacute microglial encephalitis (SME) was detected in 26 cases. SME was found to provide for the morphological substrate of genuine HIV encephalopathy. It was characterised by occurrence of mononuclear and even multinucleated cells which were macrophages and obviously served as virus carriers. Multinucleated cells are pathognomonic of HIV encephalopathy. No unambiguous evidence has so far been produced to primary invasion of neurons or glial cells by HI viruses.
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PMID:[The morphology of HIV encephalopathy]. 292 83


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