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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is predominantly sexually transmitted, serologic surveys for HIV infection in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics provide sentinel observations regarding HIV epidemiology. Over the past decade, 17,207 systematically collected sera from patients attending Baltimore STD clinics were analyzed. From 1979 through 1989, HIV seroprevalence rose from 0.23% to 5.35%, increasing significantly in both men and women (P less than .001). Due to a marked increase in HIV infection among women during the mid-1980s, the male-to-female ratio of HIV infection declined from 16:1 in 1979-1982 to 1.0 in 1988-1989. HIV seroprevalence increased significantly (P less than .001) in all age groups, with the greatest increase among teenagers, rising from 0.18% in 1979-1983 to 2.1% in 1987-1989 (P less than .001). Although HIV seroprevalence was higher among whites than blacks during the early 1980s, it increased in blacks subsequently (P less than .001), eventually resulting in a greater rate among black than white clinic patients (P less than .01). These data reflect the evolution of the HIV epidemic in US inner cities. HIV prevalence has increased greater than 20-fold, with recent increases being most marked among women, teenagers, and blacks. Additional resources will undoubtedly be required to support further intensive behavioral and educational programs targeted at adolescents and inner-city minorities.
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PMID:Evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics: a decade of experience. 153 58

In 1989 and 1990, newly-acquired sexually transmitted bacterial disease was found in 41 HIV-antibody-positive men seen at a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Copenhagen. In 38 homo/bisexual men, the new STD was transmitted from a male contact in 36 cases and from a female contact in two cases. In three male intravenous drug users, the new STD was transmitted from a female contact. In two men, the HIV-infection was first diagnosed together with the new STD, the other men had been aware of their HIV-infection for a mean period of 38 months. Gonococcal infections were diagnosed in 33 men, Chlamydial infections in ten men and syphilis in three men. Anorectal gonococcal infections were found in 13 men, corresponding to 43% and 30% of the total number of anorectal gonococcal infections in 1989 and 1990 respectively. The data presented might indicate a relapse to unsafe sexual practices among homosexual men in Copenhagen. This could influence the HIV prevalence as at least 12% of the contacts were known to be HIV-antibody-negative.
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PMID:[Sexually transmitted infections in HIV-positive persons]. 153 89

A retrospective analysis of all culture-positive cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV positive individuals, over a 5 year period, revealed 18 cases, drawn from a population of approximately 1500. The prevalence of culture proven M. tuberculosis over the 5 year period was therefore 1.2% and was strongly associated with either a concomitant, or a subsequent, AIDS diagnosis. Sixty-one per cent had pulmonary tuberculosis, 17% had both extra-pulmonary and pulmonary infection and 22% had extra-pulmonary infection alone. Although a wide range of radiological abnormalities was seen, segmental consolidation was the commonest, occurring in 57% of cases. Only 55% of the specimens were positive on initial stains for M. tuberculosis, with a mean duration of 4 weeks to become culture positive, emphasizing that early diagnosis rests on clinical suspicion.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Tuberculosis in HIV seropositive individuals--a retrospective analysis. 154 66

This study examines the knowledge and experience of sexuality, contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among sexually active adolescents in Sweden. 74 youth clinics from all over Sweden served as the setting for these youth clinic visitors as they were questioned over a 2-month period. 17 multiple choice and 9 open questions were distributed and a total of 9277 youth answered the questionnaire. Their mean age was 17.5 years and 93% were females. Knowledge of STDs and STD protection were widespread and good. Chlamydia and HIV were recognized as STDs by 90% and 87% respectively. More than 99% knew about the condom as a means for STD protection. Knowledge about contraceptive methods for pregnancy protection was also high. 93% of those investigated had had coitus, 9% had experienced pregnancies, and 17% STDs. The mean number of lifetime sexual partners was 3.2. In spite of good knowledge on preventive measures among Swedish youth clinic visitors, their sexual behavior carries risks for future health. Further interventions are necessary to minimize these risks.
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PMID:Sexual behaviour among youth clinic visitors in Sweden: knowledge and experiences in an HIV perspective. 154 8

Sexual behavior, condom use, HIV knowledge, and anxiety in women were examined in order to understand the range of sexual behaviors, predictors of safer sex, and the extent of relapse. 153 women drawn from a pool of consecutive attenders at the Central London STD Clinic participated in this cross-sectional sample through interviews and questionnaires. 1/4 of the sample did not respond to safe sex and an additional 14% were unable to maintain it over time. Anxiety and knowledge did not differ between the safe and relapsed groups, but self-efficacy and cognitive variables did. Those who maintained safe sex had significantly less sex. 10% of the sample had unprotected anal intercourse. Most of the women were involved in longer term relationships; however 1/4 had sex outside of the relationship and 1/5 stated that their partners also did. HIV information gathering was passive and 74% felt they could not protect themselves against infection. High concern over HIV was monitored. Condom uptake was low for most of the participants and nonexistent for those who indulged in anal intercourse. 25% participated in HIV testing and these women did not differ significantly in terms of their behavior from those women who went untested. HIV risks for women are a source of anxiety and tailored intervention is necessary to reduce risk and promote dialogue and negotiation.
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PMID:Safe sex and women. 160 8

The objective of this study is to describe participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) with incident infection due to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in whom AIDS developed by March 1990 and within 5 years of seroconversion (group A). Secondly, behavioral, clinical, and immunologic characteristics of these men are compared to those of matched seroconverters remaining AIDS free (group B). Between entry into the MACS (April 1984-March 1985) and July 1989, 345 seronegative homosexual/bisexual men had HIV-1 antibody; of these men, AIDS developed in 32 by March 1990. The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the proportion of men with incident HIV-1 infection with AIDS were 6 months, 0%; 12 months, 1%; 24 months, 3%; and 48 months, 10%. These 32 men engaged in receptive anal intercourse with more partners before (p less than 0.005) and after seroconversion (p less than 0.005) and reported more sexually transmitted disease preseroconversion (p = 0.05) than did group B. These findings suggest that sexually transmitted co-factors, preseroconversion and/or postseroconversion, play a role in the progression of HIV-1 infection. Alternatively, greater sexual activity could increase the hazard of exposure to a more virulent HIV-1 strain.
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PMID:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome occurring within 5 years of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-1: the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. 156 Mar 46

Analyses of the 1988 National Survey of Adolescent Males indicate the prevalence of risk behaviors related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, including sexual, contraceptive, and drug use behaviors, among 15- to 19-year-old men. About three-fifths had sexual intercourse, indicating that a majority of teenage men have at least some potential exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or sexually transmitted disease. From a behavioral perspective, the average sexually active teenage man used a condom more than half the time in the 12 months before the interview. Those with most experience with sexual intercourse, however, used condoms least frequently. More important from an epidemiologic perspective, a third of all acts of intercourse in the prior year were protected using condoms. Further, behaviors with the greatest direct risks for HIV infection, such as homosexual intercourse, use of intravenous drugs, and sex with intravenous drug users or prostitutes, appear to be relatively uncommon. Teenage men who demonstrate high-risk behavior, including both sexual and substance abuse, compound their risks, because risks generally are correlated. Condom use is a preventive behavior that is negatively correlated with most risk behaviors; those who have multiple partners, or who are substance abusers, tend to use condoms least. The convergence of risks for multi-problem teenage men indicates the relevance of interventions directed to high-risk youths.
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PMID:Patterns of HIV risk and preventive behaviors among teenage men. 156 Dec 92

Five hundred and ten inner city adolescent girls requesting reproductive health services were surveyed about their knowledge and beliefs concerning human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Each patient's survey responses were examined in relation to number of sexual partners and history of a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Adolescents with the greatest concerns and fears of contracting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were those with multiple sexual partners. Those with the joint effects of multiple sexual partners and a history of STD were the most likely to acknowledge their potential for HIV infection and have a behavioral basis for it. Sexual behaviors within this age group are highlighted and programmatic interventions are suggested.
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PMID:Knowledge, beliefs, and behavioral risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in inner city adolescent females. 156 83

Patients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Baltimore (n = 4880) and New Orleans (n = 1054) were surveyed in 1987 to estimate the prevalence of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I/II infection. In Baltimore, 0.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-1.1) were HTLV-I/II-seropositive and 4.9% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-positive. In New Orleans, 1.8% (CI, 1.2-2.9) of sera were HTLV-I/II-seropositive and 5.1% were HIV-1-seropositive. In both cities, HTLV-I/II prevalence increased significantly with age, and the New Orleans age- and sex-adjusted HTLV-I/II prevalence was significantly higher than that of Baltimore (P less than .001). In Baltimore, almost all HTLV-I/II seropositivity was associated with a history of parenteral drug use or sexual contact with partners who were drug users or male homosexuals. In addition, individuals in both cities who were seropositive for HIV-1 or syphilis were significantly more likely to be HTLV-I/II-seropositive.
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PMID:Infection with human T lymphotropic virus types I and II in sexually transmitted disease clinics in Baltimore and New Orleans. 156 44

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) lesions from 31 human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) positive patients and 54 HIV-1 negative adult control patients were examined for the presence and type of MCV DNA by high stringency Southern hybridization using 32P-labelled or digoxigenin-labelled MCV DNA probes. Of the 83 patients whose lesions contained detectable MCV DNA, 77 were infected with a single type of MCV (16 with MCV 1; 29 with MCV 1v; 30 with MCV 2; and 2 with MCV 2v). Five patients had apparent double infections, with hybridization results indicating the presence of various combinations of MCV 1 or 1v and MCV 2 or 2v. When these results were analysed in the light of clinical data no correlations were found between the MCV type(s) detected and the clinical stage of HIV-1 infection; nor between the MCV types and the anatomical site of the lesions or persistence of infection. However, the HIV-1 positive patients were significantly more likely to be infected with MCV types 2 or 2v than were the controls (17/29, 59% versus 15/48, 31%; P less than 0.05). Since a concurrent study of MCV lesions in children aged 15 years or less has shown that the percentage of infections attributable to MCV 2 or 2v is extremely small (3%), this finding suggests that MCV lesions in HIV-1 positive patients are attributable to adult-acquired MCV infection rather than to reactivation of a childhood infection.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Clinical and molecular aspects of molluscum contagiosum infection in HIV-1 positive patients. 157 79


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