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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

AIDS has consolidated the isolated state of prostitutes and stigmatized them as HIV carriers. Due to the threat of AIDS, the Berlin senate has worked out a programme for prostitutes. For the programme to succeed, knowledge of the causes of prostitution is a prerequisite, such as sexual abuse during childhood and adolescence. The sexually abused who have gone without psychological help are prone to prostitution. The work and its evaluation by a psychologist is presented to help counselling Services on Venereal Diseases in their work.
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PMID:[Prostitution--a sequela of sexual abuse]. 145 May 42

A high-risk population (patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic and the GT hospital in Bombay) was tested for antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Among 405 serum samples, 226 had previously been classified HIV-positive in India using different locally available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. The serology of 179 samples was unknown. All 405 samples were tested at the Georg-Speyer-Haus (GSH) with the Pasteur HIV-1/2-Combi-ELISA. Positive samples were further analyzed with HIV-1 and HIV-2 Western blot kits from Dupont and Pasteur, respectively. A very high seroprevalence of HIV was found in this population. Among the 179 unscreened samples, 69 (38.5%) were positive in the ELISAs as well as the Western blots for HIV-1 or HIV-2. Among the prescreened samples, only 174 (77%) were confirmed HIV-positive. Altogether, 243 of 405 sera were HIV-positive. Of these, 184 (76%) were reactive with HIV-1, 10 (4%) were reactive with HIV-2, and 49 (20%) had dual reactivity to HIV-1 and HIV-2. Previous data from the Indian Council of Medical Research had already suggested a possible high prevalence of HIV-1 in India. Our results confirm this view. The finding of a substantial spread of HIV-2 infection was, however, totally unexpected in India, but confirms our previous study which had already demonstrated the existence of HIV-2 in this country. Asia can thus no longer be considered free of HIV-2, and testing for HIV-2 appears mandatory, at least in India.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in a high-risk population in Bombay, India: evidence for the spread of HIV-2 and presence of a divergent HIV-1 subtype. 145 26

The Singapore Ministry of Health (MOH) developed an Advisory Committee on AIDS in 1985, to be joined by an AIDS Task Force and a National Advisory Committee on AIDS in 1987. MOH figures for 1985-91 indicate that 95 people were infected with HIV in Singapore, of whom 33 developed AIDS. These rate are far lower than those observed in other countries throughout the world. Nonetheless, individuals, the government, and international donor agencies must remain vigilant in the country to stem the spread of HIV. Medical and research communities worldwide struggle to develop effective treatments and vaccines for HIV, but other problems related to individual behavior and social policy also thwart the success of efforts against HIV and AIDS. Specifically, private choices made regarding sexual behavior and drug consumption; the lack of a sense of personal risk; and the justified fear of being socially stigmatized if diagnosed with HIV infection or AIDS impede prevention. These latter factors are closely related to social policy and may include the government's role in the screening of blood for transfusion; mandatory HIV testing; reaching sexual contacts of HIV infected persons and AIDS patients; and educational campaigns. These issues are presented with consideration of how they relate to developed countries and the US. While the lack of a sense of being at personal risk and the fear of social stigma related to AIDS may exist in Singapore, the individual right to privacy has been overlooked in Singapore. AIDS is a notifiable disease under the Infectious Disease Act and includes mandatory reporting and contact tracing as routinely applied to venereal disease. While overall HIV prevalence appears low in Singapore and social policy remains supportive of HIV preventive interventions, preventive efforts must be maintained and intensified in the years ahead. Newly pubescent and adolescent youths must be informed about infection risks and preventive strategy; the entire population should be encouraged to get screened for antibodies to HIV; and more attention should be paid to fostering local medical and social research on AIDS.
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PMID:AIDS and us: are we failing to prevent a highly preventable disease? 145 74

The study subjects were recruited among heterosexual men attending the male sexually transmitted disease (STDs) clinic operated by the Dermatology Unit, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. The subjects had no history of intravenous drug use, homosexuality, or bisexuality, had not received blood transfusion in the preceding 5 years, and claimed that they had contracted the disease from prostitutes. Between December 1989 and February 1991, 352 men enrolled in the study who had a median age of 28 years (range 15-63 years). The participants completed a questionnaire about occupation and clinical symptoms of STDs. Sera were assayed for VDRL and TPHA. HIV antibody screening was performed by gel particle agglutination or ELISA technique, and the specimens were confirmed as positive by HIV antibody Immunoblot technique. Of the 328 HIV seronegative men, 44% had nonspecific urethritis, 13.3% had gonorrhea, 13.1% had genital ulcers (including syphilis and chancroid), and 7.6% had syphilis (including positive VDRL or TPHA 1:160). 334 of 352 men (94.9%) reported prostitutes as the source of their STDs. HIV antibody was detected in 19 (5.4%) of 352 men. Only 100 of the 333 men whose first HIV antibody was negative returned to the clinic for a second HIV antibody test within 12 weeks, and HIV antibody was detected in 5 (5.0%) of these 100 men. Thus, the HIV antibody was found in a total of 24 (6.8%) of 352 men. This rate was 15 times the rate found in blood samples from healthy donors at Siriraj Hospital during the period between 1989 and 1990. The HIV seropositivity was significantly associated with syphilis (including positive VDRL or TPHA 1:160), but was not associated with genital ulcers (including syphilitic ulcer and chancroid). None of the 24 seropositive men had clinical evidence of AIDS-related complex or full-blown AIDS. The lack of association between HIV seropositivity and genital ulcer remains to be further investigated.
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PMID:HIV infection in male patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. 146 Apr 10

Society has traditionally viewed women as weak and responsible for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It has also considered women's natural events of pregnancy, menstruation, and menopause as illnesses and proof of their inferior worth. Upper and middle class women were supposed to deny their sexuality to ensure their reproductive health, yet they were supposed to have children. Their husbands were warned not to go to prostitutes, carriers of STDs; yet the prostitutes were reproved, not the men. STDs, in essence, equalled sin. These notions continue today. Health providers still believe that women of lower socioeconomic classes have a higher rate of STDs than those of the middle and upper classes. They also blame prostitutes for transmitting STDs, but a study of syphilis patients shows prostitutes to be insignificant in the spread of STDs. Besides, prostitutes are more likely to use condoms than other women. In fact, the primary sex partner or drug use tend to transmit HIV to prostitutes rather than clients. Indeed, our entire society faces the problem of STDs. The current campaign to prevent STDs neglects gender role socialization and women's inability to safeguard their health in sexual relationships. Most women know about and how to prevent STDs and AIDS; yet, just 17% use condoms. Many women are ashamed of their sexuality, so they do not admit they are sexually active. They, as do many men, cannot believe their partner might have an STD and would transmit it to someone they love. Health educators must consider the unequal power distribution in intimate relationships when designing and implementing STD prevention campaigns; they cannot be too successful as long as women have inferior status on a personal, economical, and political level. In addition, the government needs to increase and adjust funding levels for women-centered STD research.
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PMID:Women and sexually transmitted diseases. 146 99

Between January 1989 and December 1991, health workers took blood samples from 4883 pregnant women attending the Nairobi City Commission's Langata Clinic in Nairobi, Kenya to determine demographic factors and indicators of sexual behavior to explain the increase in HIV-1 infection and syphilis among these women of low socioeconomic status. HIV-1 seroprevalence stood at 8.8%. Syphilis seroreactivity was 3.6%. HIV-1 seropositive mothers were 2.5 times more likely to also test positive for syphilis than were HIV-1 seronegative mothers (7.7% vs. 3.2%; p.001). There was no significant association between HIV-1 seropositivity and gonococcal infection rate (7.3% vs. 8.9%), however. Women who tested HIV-1 positive tended to be from western Kenya (60.1% vs. 39.1%; p.0001). Between 1989 and 1991, annual HIV-1 seroprevalence rates increased from 6.5% to 13% (p.001) as did annual syphilis seroreactivity rates (2.9-5.3%; p=.02). The HIV-1 seroprevalence rates remained high, but did not rise significantly among syphilis seroreactive women between 1989 and 1991 (17.9-20.7%). They did rise among syphilis seronegative women (6.9-12.5%; p.0001), however. The HIV-1 infection rate increase was greater among 25-year old women (5.6-13.2%; p.001) than it was among 25-year old women (6.8-12.7%; p=.09). Indeed the annual incidence rate for 25-year old women was 3-4%. Between 1989-1991, there was a decrease in the percentage of both HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative women who had had 1 sex partner during the last 2 years (39.1% vs. 20%; p=.0001). Demographic factors remained the same throughout the study period. These results verified the link between HIV-1 infection and syphilis and their rapid rise among women in low risk groups. Thus there was a pressing need to improve HIV-1 and sexually transmitted disease prevention programs.
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PMID:Rapid increase of both HIV-1 infection and syphilis among pregnant women in Nairobi, Kenya. 146 50

A total of 600 sera were collected in the city of Djibouti during a national HIV survey in June 1988 from individuals at high risk for acquiring HIV-1. 7 screening tests were performed for antibodies to the 3 lymphotropic retroviruses HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-1. 82 subjects' sera reacted in at least 1 retroviral screening assay. Sequential serological test outcomes are presented for the 6 cases whose retroviral serologies after a 5-month interval in November 1988, and after an additional 3-month interval in February 1989 presented often unexplained changes. Each case study is followed by a set of questions amounting to 26 diagnostic problems. During the follow-ups, a 10 ml venous blood sample of the 6 subjects was used to separate and process mononuclear cells for phenotypic analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Western Blot testing for the 3 retroviruses was performed on patients' plasma. A neutralization enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect circulating HIV antigen in sera was also performed on all samples. Case 1 was a false positive HIV-1 screening assay in a 22-year old unmarried heterosexual male with a sexually transmitted disease. The patient's serum tested negative by 6 tests, but positive by the ELAVIA, which gave 1 nonrepeatable reactive result for HIV-1. PCR analysis was strongly positive, despite the still indeterminate profile of the Western Blot. The assay that gave 1 single (false?) positive result was perhaps the only assay that detected an early HIV-1 infection, or the PCR result may have been false positive. Case 2 was a triple sero-conversion and co-infection in a female prostitute with an indeterminate HIV-1 Western Blot. Case 2 was another prostitute, with HIV Western Blot sero-progression or sero-repression. Case 4 was a delayed Western Blot sero-conversion in a female with an early positive HTLV-1 screening test. Cases 5 and 6 were 2 female prostitutes with antibodies against either envelope or polymerase antigens alone. The dilemma is what the physician should tell the person with a question ale lymphotropic serology.
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PMID:Diagnostic challenges: lymphotropic sero-"questionables". 147 10

200 sera stored after collection in 1988-1990 in Maharashtra state, India, were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 with standard kits. The sera were from diverse groups including prostitutes, blood donors, STD patients, foreigners, and renal transplant patients. The tests were recombinant HIV-1 and HIV-2 EIA (Abbott), Vironostika HIV mixt (Organon Teknika, Holland) and Genie HIV-1/HIV-2 rapid EIA (Genetic Systems, USA). Those testing positive were confirmed by an immunoblot test capable of distinguishing HIV-2 from HIV-1, LiaTeK HIV-1+2 Line immunoassay (Organon Teknika, Holland). 128 sera were positive for HIV-1 by Western Blot, and 40 that were positive for ELISA but negative by Western Blot. There were 14 sera positive for HIV-2, and 14 positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2. 14 sera that were originally indeterminate, now tested positive for HIV-2. It was recommended that all sera in Maharashtra state indeterminate for HIV-1 by Western Blot be re-tested for HIV-2.
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PMID:HIV-2 antibodies in serum samples from Maharashtra state. 147 22

The seroprevalence surveys being conducted in the Kansas City area have to date tested 15,778 persons and resulted in 85 seropositive HIV tests. The sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveys and women's surveys fall in the lowest quartile of the combined national surveys. The drug treatment (IVDU) survey data were comparable to the median national seroprevalence of 3.8%. Seroprevalence rates in the STD surveys were 41 times that of women's surveys, and the IVDU surveys were 104 times that of the women's surveys. Based on three years of data from clinics with stable populations presenting for treatment, no trends in the demographics of those being found seropositive were identified to be statistically significant. This lack of trends has been presented as the normal findings of surveys nationally. The data does not show an acceleration of new infections based on seropositives being identified in the survey sites.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence surveys. 148 Jan 25

The long-term sequelae of infection with sexually transmitted disease (STD) are most serious in women. The high incidence of STD complications and sequelae results partly from a lack of resources for adequate diagnosis and treatment, but also from the absence of any clear policy for improving gynecological morbidity. Although effective STD programs could reduce gynecological morbidity, STD control is most concerned with controlling the spread of HIV and the treatment of STDs which contribute to high perinatal mortality rates. The author discusses the objectives of current approaches to STD control and how programs affect women. Controlling STDs could reduce the prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In most developing countries, however, treatment services are limited, coverage of the infected female population is inadequate, and women seeking treatment are likely to be mismanaged. STD control for pregnant women has targeted syphilis which does not cause PID. Family planning clinics do not usually provide routine screening for non-pregnant women. Even if routine screening were offered, screening only at family planning clinics would result in the failure to treat some high-risk individuals, especially unmarried adolescents. The use of simplified protocols in the community has been recommended, but they may underestimate the problems of contact tracing, provide no systematic screening, and induce passivity in the patient. Integrated services to manage reproductive health is instead suggested along with the development of women's clinics using well-trained nurses and affordable technologies.
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PMID:Prevention of PID: a challenge for the health service. 148 43


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