Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mycoplasma penetrans, a novel mycoplasma isolated from HIV-1-infected patients with AIDS, has pathogenic properties associated with in-vivo virulence. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting detected a more than 100 times higher frequency of antibodies to the mycoplasma in serum from HIV-1-infected patients with AIDS (40%) than from HIV-negative controls (0.3%). Serum from 20% of HIV-1-infected, symptom-free individuals also had M penetrans specific antibodies. The antibodies' major immunoreactivity was directed against P35 and P38, the two main lipid-associated membrane protein antigens of the organism. Patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics had a low frequency of antibody (0.9%). None of 178 HIV-negative patients with different non-AIDS diseases, many associated with immune dysfunction and/or low white cell counts, tested positive for the antibodies. M penetrans, apparently not a commensal and not a simple opportunist, is uniquely associated with HIV-1 infection and AIDS.
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PMID:High frequency of antibodies to Mycoplasma penetrans in HIV-infected patients. 809 94

The dramatic increase of new HIV/AIDS cases in women and their babies continues to require midwives to be vigilant in their efforts to identify clients at risk for HIV. The role of STDs in HIV transmission and disease progression is evident. Research is lacking on the effect of AIDS drugs, pregnancy and birth on the HIV-infected woman. Prevention, through safer sex, is a critical education strategy to consider. Data suggesting intrapartum transmission of HIV is particularly interesting and warrants further study. Development of the international framework for future clinical vaccine trials is underway. Initial studies on the ability of HIV vaccines to limit perinatal transmission may provide some encouraging future results.
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PMID:A world united against AIDS. Report on the Nursing Satellite Conference and the Eighth International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 19-24 July, 1992. 136 30

To identify the importance of heterosexual activity as a possible route for the transmission of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a screening of antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) was performed in 200 sexually transmitted disease patients with different risks for incurring genital infections as well as in 100 registered prostitutes. Out of all 300 persons tested, 14 cases of HCV infection were detected. Anti-HCV was present in 3 of the prostitutes and in 11 of the STD patients. Evaluating known risk factors, such as intravenous drug use or blood transfusion, 6 out of the 11 STD patients and all of the prostitutes in whom anti-HCV was present were intravenous drug users and exhibited highly promiscuous behavior. Intravenous drug use was the probable means of acquisition in 9 of the 14 subjects in whom anti-HCV was present, and homosexual promiscuous behavior was assumed to be the means of acquisition in another 2 subjects. In heterosexual patients engaging in high-risk behavior (high number of sexual partners and genital infections), the exclusion of intravenous drug use decreased the prevalence of anti-HCV from 12.1% to 4.1%, demonstrating no significant increase from the prevalence among low-risk persons. Most of the patients were screened for STDs, such as syphilis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), trichomoniasis, and yeast infections. The highest rate of coinfection with anti-HCV was found in patients with serologic evidence of an HIV infection (50%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis C virus in sexually transmitted disease risk groups. 138 51

A retrospective analysis of the results of bacteriological examination of all urine samples from adult HIV infected patients admitted to the City Hospital, Edinburgh during the year 1 April 1988 to 31 March 1989 was made to assess the usefulness of this investigation in HIV positive patients without clinical evidence of urinary tract infection.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Value of bacteriological screening of urine samples from HIV infected patients. 139 Oct 64

Human immunodeficiency virus infection has now reached epidemic proportions in both industrialized and nonindustrialized countries. Two preventive measures remain of questionable benefit: mandatory testing and partner notification. Sexually transmitted diseases and cervical ectopy may be risk factors for heterosexual transmission, now the most frequent mode of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus worldwide. Smokable freebase cocaine, the use of which is increasing in many cities in industrialized countries, is associated with acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus infection. In addition to perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, postnatal transmission via breastfeeding has been demonstrated in association with a recent acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus by the mother. Intriguingly, in multiple pregnancies, first-born twins of human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers could be at higher risk of infection than second-born twins. Nosocomial transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, both from infected patients to health professionals and from infected health professionals to patients, is a matter of concern and justifies preventive measures.
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PMID:The ever-evolving epidemiologic concepts of human immunodeficiency virus infections. 139 38

Data on 887 AIDS cases in Zimbabwe were collected at the District Hospital in Hurungwe, Zimbabwe, from 1986-89 before the official notification system included this disease. The number of cases increased from 19 in 1986 to 290 in 1987, 433 in 1988, and 145 in the first 3 months of 1989. The female male ratio in adults were 1.4. There were 102 children under 5 with AIDS and the 5 children aged 5-15, who were all female. The presenting signs and symptoms were most often persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, chest infection, herpes zoster, chronic STDs, and chronic diarrhea with weight loss. There were 44 cases of HIV-positive pulmonary tuberculosis; 8 patients being treated for tuberculosis developed Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Of patients, overall, with herpes zoster, 89% were HIV-positive, of those with oral thrush, 83% were HIV-positive, of those with generalized lymphadenopathy, 76% were HIV-positive, and of those with weight loss and chronic diarrhea, 70% were HIV-positive. The Hurungwe District lies along the road from harare to Lusaka, Zambia, where long-distant truck drivers frequently interact with the locally mobile population. The authors suggest that herpes zoster, with its ease of diagnosis, be used as a tool to follow the spread of HIV.
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PMID:Pattern of HIV-infection in Hurungwe district, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe. 139 93

This study sought to investigate the patterns of sexual behavior in men and women with genital ulcer disease (GUD) and their relevance to HIV-1 transmission. Participants were 100 Zulu men and 100 Zulu women at the City Health Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic. King Edward VIII Hospital, in Durban, South Africa; a sexual behavior questionnaire was administered by the same interviewer to all of the above participants who were also included in a study of the microbial etiology of GUD. 36% of the men and 36% of the women continued with sexual intercourse despite GUD. Patients with donovanosis and secondary syphilis were more likely than those with other causes for their GUD to have intercourse despite ulcers. During swab collection, bleeding was observed from ulcers in 59 women and 26 men. Prostitutes were not identified and were rarely named as source contacts. Men had more sexual partner (190) than women (122) during the previous 3 months. Condom use was minimal. Men who migrated between urban and rural areas appeared to have the most sexual partners. Urban women had more partners than women from rural areas. The authors concluded that men and women with GUD are practicing risky sexual behavior and could benefit from behavior modification programs. In this community, men who travel between rural and urban areas and who present late with GUD that bleeds easily are probably the most important high-frequency HIV transmitter core group. A significant potential risk of blood-to-blood contact during sexual intercourse exists in patients with GUD.
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PMID:Sexual behaviour in Zulu men and women with genital ulcer disease. 139 60

Eight focus groups consisting of all male, all female and mixed male and female drug users were conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of beliefs and behavior regarding the use of family planning services and contraceptives, particularly condom use in an effort to reduce the perinatal transmission of HIV. While participants often supported the use of condoms because of STDs and AIDS, their unplanned pregnancies and STD histories indicated in-consistent use, depending on the partner and the circumstances. The vast majority of both men and women did not like to use condoms because it interfered with the spontaneity and pleasure of sexual relations, though women seemed more willing to use condoms than their partners. Participants varied in their knowledge about the benefits of using a condom, in how and when to put it on, in the associations they made between condom use and trust and commitment, in the type of partner and conditions under which they would use condoms and in their willingness to consider condom use as an integral part of their lives. Issues of trust, commitment and condom use did not seem to have been resolved in the drug using community, particularly among younger people who appeared to have more difficulty in negotiating condom use. Promoting the use of condoms needs to be considered as part of a larger, multifaceted behavior change effort.
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PMID:The why, when and whether of condom use among female and male drug users. 140 Dec 37

Sexually active travelers are at risk for a variety of STDs, including traditional venereal infections such as gonorrhea, chlamydial urethritis, syphilis, chancroid, and herpes simplex infection. More recently, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV-1 have also been described. Risk varies depending on the geographic area of travel and the type of sexual contact. Physicians should be aware of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of N. gonorrhoeae and H. ducreyi because this will affect empiric antibiotic therapy. Prevention should focus on proper and consistent usage of barrier contraceptives.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases and travelers. 140 28

The origin of the word condom is the subject of some debate, but the use of a linen sheath as a preventive measure for venereal disease was noted in the writings of Fallopius in 1564. In recent years condom sales have increased, and in a sample of San Francisco male homosexuals consistent condom use was reported to have increased from 26% to 79% between 1984 and 1987. Condom sales in drugstores increased by over 20% from 1986 to 1987, with women being responsible for an estimated 40-50% of US purchases. Studies suggest a failure rate of 2-15/100 couples using condoms. Failure rates for 1st-year users average about 12%, but consistent and correct condom use theoretically results in approximately a 2% failure rate. Mean breakage rates ranging from 0% to 13% have been reported. Both epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated that latex condoms are effective mechanical barriers to important viral transmissions including HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV), as well as bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea. Condoms are safe to use, particularly in view of the fact that AIDS is now 1 of the 5 leading causes of death for women ages 15-44. An important contraindication, however, is the presence of latex allergy, potentially leading to contact urticaria or manifestations of anaphylaxis. The female condom shows promise for placing personal protection increasingly under the control of women. Condom promotion in the US with education at both public and individual levels could emulate developed and developing countries that have promoted condom use with marketing and mass-media techniques, as well conspicuous and aggressive distribution methods. Nursing is involved in program efforts aimed at enhancing condom use and nurses can be effective in encouraging clients to use condoms to protect themselves.
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PMID:Condoms as primary prevention in sexually active women. 140 10


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