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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Accumulation of dorsocervical fat, or a "buffalo hump" (BH), is commonly reported in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy (HIVLD). The pathogenesis underlying this aspect of a syndrome characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat from other body sites is poorly understood. We aimed to identify risk factors for a BH in HIV-infected adults in cross-sectional analyses of 2 HIV-infected ambulatory populations. The first group (Australian Lipodystrophy Prevalence Survey [APS]) consisted of 1348 Australian HIV-infected adults (95% male) irrespective of changes in body composition. The second group (Lipodystrophy Case Definition [LDCD] study) comprised 417 subjects (83% male) with at least 1 reported moderate or severe feature of HIVLD. A BH was reported in 24 (2%) APS subjects and 79 (19%) LDCD study subjects. A BH was not an isolated finding. Patients with a BH had a high prevalence of other features of HIVLD, similar to lipodystrophic patients without a BH, such as facial lipoatrophy reported in 100% and 61% BH-positive subjects from the APS and LDCD study, respectively. In both groups, those with a BH had higher fasting insulin (P<or=0.007), a higher body mass index (P<or=0.003), a higher waist/hip ratio (P<or=0.001), higher limb fat (P<or=0.003), and higher systolic blood pressure (P<0.05). On multivariate analysis, higher serum insulin, systolic blood pressure, age, and duration of exposure to ritonavir were independently associated with a BH in the APS group. In the LDCD group, higher insulin, diastolic blood pressure, and duration of exposure to zidovudine were independently associated with a BH. There was no association between a BH and hyperlipidemia. These data show that a BH is associated with other physical features of the lipodystrophy phenotype and suggest that hyperinsulinemia, a feature common to HIVLD, obesity, and hypercortisolism, is an important component of this phenotype, thus warranting closer monitoring of BH-positive patients for glucose intolerance and diabetes.
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PMID:Buffalo hump seen in HIV-associated lipodystrophy is associated with hyperinsulinemia but not dyslipidemia. 1567

Nutrition assessment is a vital component of the general care of HIV-infected adults. With access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV infection may become a chronic, manageable disease. Nutritional and metabolic complications traditionally associated with HIV infection such as hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and weight loss continue to occur. However, emerging abnormalities such as regional alterations in body shape (fat re-distribution syndrome or HIV-associated lipodystrophy), increasing body weight, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, insulin resistance, and other metabolic derangements may also be present. In addition, as patients are living longer, they may be susceptible to other age-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. In this article, we review strategies for nutrition assessment and management in HIV-infected adults. Attention is focused on specific symptoms such as weight loss and diarrhea and specific disorders such as lipodystrophy, micronutrient deficiencies, and dyslipidemia, which commonly affect HIV-infected individuals. Proper attention to nutritional status may help to reduce the burden of disease and promote an enhanced quality of life in HIV-infected individuals.
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PMID:Nutrition assessment in HIV infection. 1585 Feb 29

A retrospective review of dengue patients admitted to Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health (previously known as Children's Hospital) from 1995 to 1999 revealed 4,532 confirmed cases of dengue infection; 80.9% were dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and 19.1% were dengue fever cases (DF). Among the DHF patients; 30.6% had shock. The majority of them, 66.6%, had a normal nutritional status, while 9.3% were malnourished and 24.2% had obesity as classified by weight for age. Compared with control patients with other diagnoses (excluding HIV/AIDS patients), malnourished children had a lower risk of contracting dengue infection (odds ratio = 0.48, 95% Cl = 0.39-0.60, p = 0.000) while obese children had a greater risk of infection with dengue viruses (odds ratio = 1.96, 95% Cl = 1.55-2.5, p = 0.000). The clinical signs, symptoms and laboratory findings of dengue were almost the same among the 3 groups of malnourished, normal, and obese patients. The minor differences observed were that in obese children liver enlargement was found less often; maculopapular/convalescence rash and elevations of alanine aminotransferase were found more often. Malnourished patients had a higher risk of developing shock (37.8%) than normal (29.9%) and obese patients (30.2%) (p = 0.000). Obese patients had more unusual presentations: encephalopathy (1.3%) and associated infections (4.8%), than normal (0.5% and 2.7%) and malnourished patients (1.2% and 3.1%). Complications of fluid overload were found more in obese patients (6.5%) compared to normal (3.2%) and malnourished patients (2.1%) (p = 0.000). The case-fatality rates (CFR) in malnourished patients and obese patients were 0.5% and 0.4%, respectively, while in normal patients the CFR was 0.07%. Under and over nutrition DHF patients had either a greater risk of shock or unusual presentations and complications, which can lead to severe disease or complications and probably a higher CFR.
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PMID:Is dengue severity related to nutritional status? 1591 44

The pediatric illness experience is a complex subject that requires a multidimensional, flexible, and patient-centered approach. The video intervention/prevention assessment (VIA) method, with its diverse source data and multidisciplinary analytical frameworks, generates findings that can be examined from any number of perspectives simply by asking different questions. As an exploration of human experience, VIA can be applied to various medical and psychiatric conditions. It has been used to investigate the experiences of children and adolescents who live with asthma, obesity, spina bifida, and diabetes mellitus. VIA currently is being applied to a longitudinal examination of the transition to adulthood by pediatric patients with spina bifida, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, and HIV.
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PMID:Visual narratives of the pediatric illness experience: children communicating with clinicians through video. 1593 74

Noninvasive assessment of vascular dysfunction in the pediatric population has taken advantage of the development of high-resolution ultrasound techniques. The most frequently used methods are the quantification of flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation of the brachial artery and measurement of the intima-media thickening of the carotid artery. Both reduced flow-mediated dilation and increased intima-media thickness have been proven to correlate with late cardiovascular events and/or mortality in adults. As these noninvasive methods can easily be applied in children, there have been recent investigations in high-risk pediatric patients harboring classical cardiovascular risk factors. Endothelial dysfunction and increased thickness of the intima media are currently observed in children with familial hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. The association of early vascular dysfunction with a known risk factor is an important issue as these anomalies precede the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, they may help in stratification of the risk for cardiovascular event and to better tailor therapeutic interventions in at risk children. Finally, these methods have been applied in specific pediatric populations, such as children with end-stage renal disease, chronic parenteral nutrition, HIV infection, and coarctation of the aorta. In these conditions, endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling are also present early in life and these data raise new possibilities in the understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in these populations.
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PMID:Noninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness and risk of atherosclerotic events in children. 1605 29

Chronic hepatitis C is highly heterogeneous in clinical presentation and outcomes. This heterogeneity is largely related to host factors that have been clearly proven to affect the severity and rapidity of disease progression. The most relevant factors that have been shown to accelerate progression to cirrhosis include age at infection, alcohol abuse and the metabolic syndrome with insulin resistance, obesity and hepatic steatosis. Co-infection with HIV and/or HBV also increases the risk of progression to cirrhosis and to hepatocellular carcinoma. Surprisingly enough, viral related factors appear as less important and neither the virus genotype and load have been found to exert a clear influence on disease severity and progression, although more data in this field, and particularly on the role of different viral proteins in causing cytopathic effects, are awaited and may change this view in the near future.
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PMID:Review article: chronic hepatitis C--natural history and cofactors. 1622 79

Chronic liver diseases complications generally occur when fibrosis progresses to cirrhosis. It is recognised that some patients do not progress while others develop significant fibrosis. Factors influencing the fibrosis progression rate are especially studied in chronic hepatitis C. Among many identified factors, the most important are those warranted a medical action such as alcohol consumption, obesity, other metabolic disorders and immunosuppression in case of HIV-HCV coinfection. Especially, in case of chronic liver disease, regular alcohol consumption should be avoided; overweight and metabolic disorders should be controlled. The control of liver damage aetiologies could decrease or even stop fibrosis progression.
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PMID:[Predictive factors for progression to cirrhosis in chronic liver diseases]. 1625 94

Breast milk contains hormones, growth factors, cytokines, cells, etc., and offers many advantages over cow's milk or soy protein infant formulae. The composition of breast milk is influenced by gestational and postnatal age. Prevalence of breastfeeding in France is one of the lowest in Europe: in 2003, only 58% of infants were breastfed when leaving the maternity ward, for a median duration of 10 weeks. Breastfeeding allows normal growth until at least 6 months of age, and can be prolonged until the age of 2 years or more, provided that complementary feeding is started after 6 months. Breastfeeding is associated with slightly enhanced performance on tests of cognitive development. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 3 months is associated with a lower incidence and severity of diarrhoea, otitis media and respiratory infection. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months is associated with a lower incidence of allergic disease in at-risk infants (infants with at least one first-degree relative presenting with allergy). Breastfeeding is also associated with a lower incidence of obesity during childhood and adolescence, as well as with a lower incidence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in adulthood. Maternal infection with hepatitis B and C virus is not a contraindication to breastfeeding, as opposed to HIV infection and galactosemia. A supplementation with vitamin D and K is necessary in the breastfed infant. Very few medications contraindicate breastfeeding. Premature babies can be breastfed and/or receive mother's milk and/or bank milk, provided they receive energy, protein and mineral supplements. Return to prepregnancy weight is earlier in breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeeding is also associated with a decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancer in the premenopausal period, and of hip fractures and osteoporosis in the postmenopausal period.
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PMID:[Breast feeding: health benefits for child and mother]. 1627 76

This review highlights areas of clinical research in gastroenterology and hepatology that were published during the last year and were summarized during the most recent American Gastroenterological Association Plenary Session. The topics include a comparison of the risk of recurrent bleeding in patients taking clopidogrel versus aspirin plus a proton pump inhibitor, the introduction of rifaximin for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea, and the results of an oral vaccine for cholera tested in a high endemic area where there is also a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection. In inflammatory bowel disease, the impact of a biomarker of inflammation, C-reactive protein, to the response to a new biologic therapy is identified as potentially important because it might facilitate the selection of patients for these treatments. Results of device, endoscopic, and surgical treatment of obesity are reviewed, including the evidence of significant impact of surgery-induced weight loss on comorbid diseases. In the field of cancer, colonoscopic screening results in more polyps detected, down-staging of cancers identified, and improved cancer survival. A new familial syndrome associated with a serrated adenoma/carcinoma phenotype and variability in microsatellite instability is described. A controlled study demonstrates that a urine-derived substance, ulinastatin, reduces the risk of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Hepatic stellate cells are involved in the fibrogenesis associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. These areas of clinical research demonstrate the breadth of significant advances that will impact on the clinical practice of gastroenterology and hepatology.
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PMID:GIH clinical research update: 2004-2005. 1636 Oct 39

Hepatitis B and C are diseases characterized by a high global prevalence, complex clinical course and limited efficacy of currently available antiviral therapy. Hepatitis B: local factors have a significant influence not only on the disease prevalence but also on the disease course. Vertical transmission of the infection in the areas of high prevalence results in perinatal infection, which universaly leads to the development of chronic disease. Factors associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis are older age, persistent viremia, coinfection with HCV, HDV and HIV, and consumption of alcohol, while the role of viral genotype is uncertain. Predictors of HCC development in cirrhotic liver are older age, male sex, alcohol abuse, exposure to aflatoxin, coinfection with HCV and HDV, continuously active inflammation, and potentially viral genotype. Survival predictors in cirrhotic patients are age, serum albumin, platelet count and splenomegaly as a reflection of portal hypertension. Hepatitis C: the risk of cirrhosis is low. Risk factors for cirrhosis are infection in older age, alcohol abuse, and coinfection with HBV and HIV. Obesity has negative impact on treatment efficacy.
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PMID:[Factors influencing clinical course of viral hepatitis]. 1638 Dec 33


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