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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We evaluated a rapid membrane-based assay (HIV-CHEK) for detection of antibodies to HIV using 737 serum samples in Nairobi, Kenya. The rapid assay had a sensitivity of 96.3% and specificity of 99.8% when compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot assay. Results were similar using fresh or previously frozen serum samples, although the latter occasionally left debris on the assay device membrane yielding uninterpretable results. This rapid HIV assay may be of particular use in developing countries where laboratory resources are limited.
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PMID:Evaluation of a rapid membrane-based assay (HIV-CHEK) for detection of antibodies to HIV in serum samples from Nairobi. 219 Jun 6

In a case-control study of 177 HIV-seropositive and 326 seronegative women and their newborns in Nairobi, Kenya, maternal HIV infection at term was independently associated with travel to other African countries [odds ratio (OR) 4.9, P less than 0.0001], history of a blood transfusion since 1980 (OR 3.5, P = 0.01), history of more than one sexual partner in the previous 5 years (OR 1.8, P = 0.02) and unmarried status (OR 1.8, P = 0.02). Neonates of HIV-positive and HIV-negative women differed little with respect to occurrence of congenital malformations, stillbirths, in-hospital mortality, sex, APGAR score, or gestational age. However, the mean birth weight of singleton neonates of HIV-positive women was significantly lower than that of controls (3090 versus 3220 g, P = 0.005), and birth weight was less than 2500 g in 9% of cases and 3% of controls (OR 3.0, P = 0.007). Among neonates of HIV-seropositive women, birth weight was less than 2500 g in 17% if mothers were symptomatic and 6% if mothers were asymptomatic (OR 3.4, P = 0.08).
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PMID:Impact of maternal HIV infection on obstetrical and early neonatal outcome. 226 Nov 13

We studied 506 consecutive adult acute medical admissions to hospital in Nairobi; 95 (18.8%) were seropositive for HIV-1, and 43 new cases of active tuberculosis (TB) were identified. TB was clearly associated with HIV infection, occurring in 17.9% of seropositive patients compared with 6.3% of seronegatives [odds ratio (OR) 3.2; 95% confidence limits (CL) 1.6-6.5]. Extrapulmonary disease was more common in seropositive than seronegative TB patients (nine out of 17 versus five out of 26; OR 4.7; 95% CL 1.01-23.6); this accounted for most of the excess cases of TB seen in seropositive patients. Mycobacteraemia was demonstrated in two of eight seropositive TB patients but in none of 11 seronegative TB patients. No atypical mycobacteria were isolated. The World Health Organization (WHO) clinical case definition for African AIDS did not discriminate well between seropositive and seronegative TB cases. Five out of seven seropositive women with active tuberculosis had delivered children in the preceding 6 months and were lactating, compared with only one out of eight seronegative tuberculous women. An association between recent childbirth, HIV immunosuppression and the development of TB is suggested.
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PMID:Extrapulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis in HIV-1-seropositive patients presenting to the acute medical services in Nairobi. 226 Nov 27

Epidemiologic studies in Nairobi and elsewhere in Africa, have shown that men infected with HIV-1 more commonly have a history of genital ulcer disease compared to uninfected men. In one study, HIV infected men were three times as likely to have a recent history of genital ulcers. In a prospective study of seronegative men, those presenting with chancroid had a five-fold risk of seroconversion during follow-up compared to men presenting with urethritis. Uncircumcised men had an increased risk of seroconversion which was independent of their risk of genital ulcer disease. Over 95% of attributable risk in men with STD was either genital ulceration or the presence of a foreskin. Genital ulcers are a major risk factor for HIV infection among prostitutes. The increased risk is about 10-fold among prostitutes with ulcers compared to a cohort who did not. We hypothesize from these studies that genital ulcers are the major portals of entry for HIV infection and also increased shedding of virus infected cells into the vaginal secretions. HIV seropositive prostitutes are more susceptible to chancroid with a two-fold increase in the prevalence of genital ulcers as compared to HIV negative women. The use of condoms by their clients prevents both genital ulcer disease and HIV acquisition among prostitutes. Chancroid is more difficult to treat in HIV infected men with one-third of patients failing single dose treatment regimens as compared to less than five percent of men without HIV infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus, genital ulcers and the male foreskin: synergism in HIV-1 transmission. 226 93

A detailed stochastic model of HIV infection and AIDS for large cities in central Africa is described, which reproduces past events in Kinshasa, Zaire and projects rapid future spread of the disease, consistent with recent findings for Nairobi, Kenya. Most of the parameters used describe the behaviour of individuals, and it is therefore possible to look at the effects of changes in such behaviour, and thus to test various strategies aimed at providing effective public health policies. The model demonstrates that, if the spread of infection is to be controlled, changes in the behaviour of the major risk groups are essential. With appropriate modifications, this model could be adapted for use elsewhere in Africa.
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PMID:Dynamics of HIV infection and AIDS in central African cities. 237 57

In Kenya, researchers enrolled 53, men aged 18-60 years with chancroid who enrolled at the Nairobi City Council Special Treatment Clinic in a clinical trial to test the efficacy of fleroxacin in clinical Haemophilus ducreyi infections. They randomly allocated the men the group receiving 200 mg of oral fleroxacin or the group receiving 400 mg of oral fleroxacin. 88% of the men receiving 200 mg oral fleroxacin (group 1) experienced either improvement in their clinical status or healing compared to 78% of the men receiving 400 mg oral fleroxacin. 2 of 7 (29%) patients who experienced delayed healing tested positive for HIV-1. 2 of 22 patients (9%) who healed right away were HIV-1 positive. The size of the genital ulcer had the most significant effect on healing time. The mean widest ulcer diameter was 9.5 mm in men who healed quickly while it was 18.5 mm in men who experienced a delay in healing (p .005). Microbiological cure occurred in 92% of men from group 1 and in 83% of those in group 2. The difference in microbiological failure rates of HIV-1 seropositive men and HIV-1 seronegative men approached significance (27% vs. 5%; p = .07). These results showed that a 200 or 400 mg single dose of oral fleroxacin is an efficacious treatment for men with microbiologically confirmed chancroid who are not HIV-1 infected. On the other hand, a single dose of neither 200 or 400 mg of oral fleroxacin adequately treats chancroid in HIV-1 infected men. Further study of chancroid treatment in HIV infected patients is needed, especially since chancroid may facilitate HIV transmission.
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PMID:Evaluation of fleroxacin (RO 23-6240) as single-oral-dose therapy of culture-proven chancroid in Nairobi, Kenya. 250 65

In Nairobi (Kenya) 334 women prostitutes of whom 80.5% were HIV-1 positive, were examined for oral mucosal lesions; 15.6% of seropositive, and 4.6% of seronegative, women had oral mucosal lesions, predominantly oral candidiasis. In the seropositives, 8.6% had erythematous, 1.1% had hyperplastic candidiasis, and 0.4% had hairly leukoplakia as the only oral lesions; 0.4% had a combination of erythematous and hyperplastic candidiasis, and 1.5% had combinations of pseudomembranous and erythematous candidiasis in the presence of hairly leukoplakia. Of the 211 seropositive women for whom we knew the first date on which a positive serologic test was obtained, the likelihood of developing an oral mucosal lesion was found to be dependent on the duration of seropositivity. The low incidence of oral mucosal lesions in this population may be due to the relatively recent acquisition of HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:Low prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in HIV-1 seropositive African women. 258 5

Sera of 95 mothers and 129 children from Nairobi, Kenya, collected in 1976, and of 466 adults and 193 children of Embu District, Kenya, collected in 1984 and 1985, were analyzed for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies. Although no HIV-1 seropositivity was demonstrated by western blot analysis in both study groups, 7% of Nairobi mothers and 10% of adult females from Embu District had false positive results by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) compared with less than 1% seroreactivity rates observed in adult males and children. False positive results were not due to simian T lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-IIIAGM)/human T lymphotropic virus type IV (HTLV-IV) seropositivity. Sixty-one percent of the HIV-1 EIA reactive sera could not be explained by cytotoxic activity to lymphocytes bearing the HLA-DR4 or HLA-DQw3 phenotype. We conclude that false positive HIV EIA tests are frequently encountered in East Africa. Seroprevalence rates in rural Africa must be interpreted with caution due to the decreased specificity of HIV EIAs.
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PMID:Analysis of false positive HIV-1 serologic testing in Kenya. 284 Feb 37

In some parts of Africa, prostitutes and their clients represent the groups at greatest risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the major disseminators of the virus. As part of a cohort study of the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in Nairobi, 595 prostitutes have been followed since 1985. At the start of the study, 61% of these prostitutes were infected with HIV. Health education, initially about conventional sexually transmitted diseases and subsequently about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), was a major component of this project. Health education was provided at barazas (general community meetings including lectures, skits, role playing, and discussion) and individual counseling sessions. To evaluate the effectiveness of such health promotion efforts on the prevention of HIV infection, specifically on adoption of condom use, the prostitutes were divided into 3 groups: 1) those who received their health education through both barazas and individual sessions at which the results of serological tests for HIV infection were discussed; 2) those who attended barazas only; and 3) prostitutes who received neither intervention. Condoms were distributed free of charge to all prostitutes who requested them. At the start of the project, only 10%, 7%, and 7% of prostitutes in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, reported some use of condoms. After 6 months in the program, this statistic had increased to 80%, 70%, and 58%, respectively. The mean frequency of condom use was 38.7%, 34.6%, and 25.6% of sexual encounters in Group 1, 2, and 3 women. Any condom use resulted in a 3-fold reduction in risk of seroconversion. 20 of 28 women who were not condom users seroconverted compared with 23 of 50 condom users. Stepwise logistic regression confirmed that group discussion was the factor most significantly associated with condom use.
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PMID:Prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa: effectiveness of condom promotion and health education among prostitutes. 290 26

Among 115 heterosexual men who presented with genital ulcers to a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Nairobi, Kenya, the prevalence of serum antibody to HIV was 16.5%. A past history of genital ulcers was reported by 12 (63%) of 19 men with antibody to HIV versus 30 (31%) of 96 without antibody (P = 0.008). HIV infection was also positively associated with lack of circumcision, but was not associated with the etiology of the current genital ulcer. Logistic regression analysis (adjusted for age, number of recent sex partners, recent prostitute contact, circumcision, tribal ethnic identity, past history of urethritis, and current diagnoses) confirmed only the association between prior history of genital ulcer disease and HIV infection; (P = 0.04, odds ratio 2.35, 95% confidence limits, 1.01-5.47). The incidence of genital ulcers, particularly chancroid, is much higher in parts of Africa than in Europe or North America. This may contribute to the increased risk of heterosexual transmission of HIV in Africa. Aggressive control of chancroid and syphilis may offer one very feasible approach to reducing transmission of HIV in this region.
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PMID:Genital ulceration as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection. 312 96


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