Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between April-December 1989, physicians at the neurology clinic of the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya recruited 32 patients who exhibited facial nerve palsy of lower motor neuron type and who did not have any trauma, inflammation of the middle ear, surgery, or disease of the parotid gland. 8 (25%) of the patients were HIV seropositive. Researchers did not retest any of the seronegative patients for HIV. 6 of the HIV seropositive cases had symptoms of early HIV infection: 4 generalized lymphadenopathy, 1 herpes zoster, and 1 generalized pruritic rash. The 2 other HIV seropositive patients did not have any symptoms other than facial paralysis. Several other studies have demonstrated an association between HIV infection and acute peripheral facial paralysis, especially in asymptomatic or AIDS related complex patients. In a study in Bangui, Central African Republic, HIV seroprevalence among patients with acute peripheral facial paralysis was 69%. The researchers could not identify the reason for the difference between the HIV seroprevalences of the 2 studies. Nevertheless physicians should expect to treat more cases of acute peripheral facial paralysis as the prevalence of HIV increases.
 ...
PMID:HIV and acute peripheral facial nerve palsy. 180 92

Health workers took blood samples from 94 HIV positive patients (cases) and 86 HIV negative patients (controls) at the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Researchers compared the serological results of both groups to determine if any serological evidence of reactivation of latent infection existed and, if so, whether this reactivation could be related to acute toxoplasmosis. Laboratory personnel tested all serum with EIA and latex agglutination and dye tests to determine the presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies (Toxoplasma IgG). Both the EIA and latex test were more sensitive and specific in detecting Toxoplasma IgG than the dye test. The dye test revealed 54% of all patients had Toxoplasma IgG. Further 22% of the cases had IgG levels 180 units/ml whereas only 1% of controls had these levels. None of the patients exhibited any signs or symptoms of toxoplasmic encephalitis. Further no correlation between high Toxoplasma IgG titers and signs of central nervous system dysfunction or confusion occurred. Even though 35% of cases had considerable lymphadenopathy, it was not associated with Toxoplasma IgG levels. Moreover Toxoplasma IgG levels were not related to AIDS or death. The researchers concluded that high serum IgG levels were indicative of early Toxoplasma reactivation and necessarily associated with disease.
 ...
PMID:Toxoplasma antibodies in HIV-positive patients from Nairobi. 180 45

Researchers analyzed data on 667 patients admitted between March 9 and September 14, 1988 to the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya to verify the contribution of Salmonella and Shigella species to hospital acquired infections and to identify factors associated with admission and nosocomial infection. Laboratory personnel isolated Salmonella and Shigella in 12.5% (10% and 2.5% respectively) of the 360 patients with nosocomial diarrhea. Their overall prevalence was 3% and 2.5% respectively. These 2 bacteria were isolated from rectal swabs from 19 of the 27 hospital units. Most of the isolates were restricted to 5 units. All of the Salmonella isolates at admission were children under 13 years old (3.6% of 556 children). Shigella prevalence at admission was 2.5% for children and 3.6% for adults. The risk of nosocomial diarrhea caused by these 2 bacteria was much greater in children older than 6 months and younger than 6 years than in children of other ages (odds ratio [OR]=21.7; p=.006). The most significant variables which independently affected nosocomial diarrhea caused by these bacteria in children were recent antimicrobial therapy (OR=26.4; p=.001) and living in crowded homes (OR=1.2; p=.02). Another determinant was poor hair color indicating malnutrition (p=.03). Even though there were no significant differences between adults with nosocomial diarrhea caused by these bacteria and those with no nosocomial diarrhea, sharing a room with people with diarrhea, being in the hospital within the last 30 days, and being HIV-1 positive were factors that almost reached significance. In fact, 9 of their 22 (41%) adults with positive cultures of Salmonella were HIV=1 positive yet Salmonella was not isolated from any of the 70 HIV-1 positive patients at admission. Salmonella contributed greatly to nosocomial diarrhea at this hospital. The hospital should evaluate and redesign its control measures within available limited resources.
 ...
PMID:Salmonella and Shigella gastroenteritis at a public teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. 181 76

To identify risk factors involved in heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a cross-sectional study of HIV-seropositive men and their spouses was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya. Of 70 spouses, 40 (57%) were seropositive and 30 (43%) were seronegative for HIV. In univariate analysis, the presence of cervical ectopy (odds ratio, 4.7; P = .006) was the only statistically significant variable associated with HIV infection in women. After controlling for possible confounding variables using multivariate logistic regression analysis, the presence of cervical ectopy (odds ratio, 5.0; P = .007) remained the only independent predictor of HIV seropositivity. These findings suggest that cervical ectopy may be a newly identified risk factor for heterosexual transmission of HIV.
 ...
PMID:Association of cervical ectopy with heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: results of a study of couples in Nairobi, Kenya. 186 44

Since 1985, a population of over 1,000 predominantly HIV-positive female prostitutes residing in a low-income area of Nairobi, has been enrolled in a sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV control programme. The major elements of the programme include the diagnosis and treatment of conventional STD, and the promotion of condom use to prevent the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Using estimates of numbers of HIV-seropositive prostitutes, numbers of sexual contacts, susceptibility of clients to HIV, HIV transmission efficiency, rates of condom use and the basic reproductive rate of HIV infection in Kenya, we estimate that the programme is responsible for preventing between 6,000 and 10,000 new cases of HIV infection per year among clients and contacts of clients. The total annual operating cost of the programme is approximately US$77,000 or between US$8.00 and US$12.00 for each case of HIV infection prevented. Programmes to reduce the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections which are targeted at high-frequency STD transmitters, such as prostitutes, can be effective and relatively inexpensive to undertake. More such programmes should be developed and evaluated in different settings.
 ...
PMID:Controlling HIV in Africa: effectiveness and cost of an intervention in a high-frequency STD transmitter core group. 190 55

Counselors at a Nairobi City Commission Maternal/Child Health Clinic interviewed prostitutes in a certain residential area every 6 months between 1986-1988 about sexual practices and condom use. In addition, every 6 months, health workers examined the women on a demand basis free of charge, promoted condom use, provided condoms, informed then about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV infection, and took samples to test for STD and HIV status. Prostitutes were 3 times more likely to use condoms in 1987-1988 than 1986-1987, but the prevalence of genital ulcers remained basically the same (34% in 1986-1987 and 32% in 1987-1988). Hemophilus ducreyi was responsible for at least 80% of the genital ulcers. In 1987-1988, 35% of HIV-1 seropositive women had genital ulcers while only 14% of HIV-1 seronegative women did (p.01). In fact, genital ulcer prevalence increased significantly in HIV-1 seropositive women as the disease stage of HIV-1 advanced (27% of asymptomatic healthy women, 35% of women with generalized lymphadenopathy, and 46% of women with clinical HIV related disease; p.05). Thus this study suggested that the immunosuppressive traits of preexisting HIV infection negate any protective effect that condoms normally have against genital ulcers. Indeed the researchers proposed that a complex bidirectional epidemiologic and biologic interaction of HIV and H. ducreyi infection to be the basis of the HIV-1 epidemic in these women. In conclusion, strategies to curtail the transmission of HIV among heterosexuals should consists of programs which understand and change sexual behavior resulting in a decline in the contribution of prostitutes or other core groups to the HIV epidemic, condom use to prevent STD and HIV transmission, and control of genital ulcers in high frequency transmitters including prostitutes and clients.
 ...
PMID:Condom use prevents genital ulcers in women working as prostitutes. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection. 194 18

During 6 months, 506 consecutive adult emergency admissions to hospital in Nairobi were enrolled in a study of bacteraemia and HIV infection. 19% were HIV-1 antibody positive. Significantly more HIV-seropositive than seronegative patients had bacteraemia (26% vs 6%). The predominant organisms isolated from the seropositive patients were Salmonella typhimurium and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mortality was higher in the seropositive than in the seronegative bacteraemic patients. The findings suggest that non-opportunistic bacteria are important causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals in Africa.
 ...
PMID:Life-threatening bacteraemia in HIV-1 seropositive adults admitted to hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. 197 97

Researchers from the Kenya Medical Research Centre in Nairobi, Kenya interviewed 250 women food handlers who attended a routine medical exam in Thika town in Central Province to learn social characteristics and sexual behavior of women at high risk of acquiring HIV in urban areas. They only included the 47 who charged for sex. 1 researcher spoke with them later in their local dialect. All but 2 were bar attendants. 96% of their clients were nationals and none reported foreigners. 85% were not originally from Thika town and 51% of these came from the neighboring district of Muranga. 51% of these high risk women had lived in Thika town from 1 monthw5 years. 36.2% had 6-7 years of schooling and only 1 had 12 years. 85% reported to not have reached the level of education they wanted to reach. 49% of these said they did not reach the desired level due to insufficient funds and 19% became pregnant and left school. Age of menarche corresponded with the age when the 47 women left school. 85% had 1-4 children. Moreover 43% had had at least 1 abortion. 53% had been divorced and 45% never had a husband. 60% reported having used at least 1 form of contraceptive. Yet none of these women had used condoms. Some of the reasons for not using them included not knowing the advantages of using condoms, no need to use then, and no sexual pleasure. Only 1 reported having both vaginal and anal sex. 36% had 2 partners/week. 66% said that they go to different parts of Kenya at least once a month. Most of these trips resulted in an overnight stay. 81% had been circumcised and 83% had pierced ears. These results demonstrated a strong need for AIDS and sexually transmitted disease prevention education for high risk women.
 ...
PMID:Social characteristics and sexual behaviour of women at high risk of HIV infection in a town in Central Province of Kenya. 206 Apr 79

During an ongoing study investigating the impact of maternal HIV infection on pregnancy outcome at a large maternity hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, asymptomatic HIV positive women who had recently delivered were informed of their HIV sero-status and counselled by a trained nurse regarding contraception and reproductive behaviour in a single session. Both HIV infected women and a comparison group of uninfected women matched for pregnancy outcome were followed up after an interval of one year. Contraceptive use, condom use and pregnancy rates were similar in both groups. Only 37% of HIV infected women had informed their partners of their sero-status. The single session of counselling for the HIV positive women did not seem to influence decisions on subsequent condom use or reproductive behaviour. More intensive approaches to counselling need to be developed and evaluated, but may be difficult to implement in the busy maternity and antenatal clinics commonly found in developing countries.
 ...
PMID:Impact of single session post-partum counselling of HIV infected women on their subsequent reproductive behaviour. 208 20

Identifying the incubation period of HIV infection is important for individual prognoses, for developing and testing intervention strategies, for determining the reproductive rate of the disease, and for prevalence of the disease. Mathematical modeling of HIV infection in Africa is necessitated because the disease is more widespread and the immune system is constantly active due to the exposure to diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. The Markov model for this analysis was selected because parametric estimation is not based on the time a stage is entered, but on the duration between observations and the stages at the time of observation. The HIV infected female prostitutes in the Pumwani area of Nairobi, Kenya (a population primarily of Tanzanian origin) have been identified as a study population since 1985, and seen every 6 months in clinic, or as needed. Data are constricted by the movement out of the area in the end stage of disease, which is only partially solved by tracking with community health workers. The stages identified in incubation estimation are stage 1: seropositive but symptom free (CDC stage II); stage 2: generalized lymphadenopathy (CDC stage III); stage 3: symptomatic disease (CDC stage IV); and stage 4: death. Data reflect the movement back and forth between stage 1 and 2, between 2 and 3, so the model is not a pure Longini model but rather a timed homogeneous staged model with reversible stages called transition parameters computed in a numerical differentiation. The Fortran computer program for the analyses is available from the authors. The results suggest a quick transition between seroconversion and lymphadenopathy (2.4 months) and unlikely reversal, with the mean waiting time until passage to stage 3 is approximately 2.6 years and conversions are common. Since opportunistic infections are treatable, this makes sense. Assuming a correct model, the estimation of the transition time of 20 months of h34 value of .01 and .05, the mean passage time from stage 1, 2, 3 to 4 (death) is 9.1, 8.9, and 6.2 years 12.9, 12.7, and 10.1 years respectively. The implications are that 1) when infectiousness is hypothesized to be not uniform, peak infectivity occurs earlier in Africa than in the West at least among prostitutes, or 2) if infectivity is constant throughout the incubation period, then HIV transmission must be higher in Africa to explain the high rate of infection.
 ...
PMID:Transition dynamics of HIV disease in a cohort of African prostitutes: a Markov model approach. 217 19


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>