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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is fundamentally the same disease in all parts of the world, but the prevalence of microorganisms in an environment governs the patterns of disease arising from reactivated latent infections, invading pathogens and opportunistic infections. AIDS in Africa has certain characteristic presentations. Enteropathic AIDS is most common: Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli are identified in up to 60% of patients, but it is uncertain whether they are the causes of diarrhoea. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is rare. Tuberculosis, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, is the supreme complicating infection. Herpes zoster is frequently the first clinical presentation, and has a 95% positive predictive value for HIV positivity. Measles may be more frequent in infants born to HIV-infected mothers, and appears to be worse in HIV-infected children. There is accelerated progress of both diseases in patients infected by HIV and Mycobacterium leprae. Salmonellosis is frequent. There is no direct interaction between malaria and HIV, but, by being a potent cause of anaemia, malaria enhances transmission of HIV to children through blood transfusion. HIV-positive subjects are liable to new or reactivated visceral leishmaniasis with dissemination to unusual sites. Cerebral toxoplasmosis is common. There are no apparent interactions between HIV and helminths, although there is one report of hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Cryptococcal meningitis has high frequency. Infections with Histoplasma encapsulatum are common in tropical America, but there has been no increase of frequency of H. duboisii in Africa since the advent of AIDS.
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PMID:Opportunistic infections in AIDS in developed and developing countries. 220 Nov 7

During a 5 year period at St Stephen's hospital, London, septicaemia was detected in 66 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and in 13 other patients with non-AIDS-associated HIV infections. The most frequent pathogens in patients with AIDS were Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cryptococcus neoformans and staphylococci. A series of HIV-associated septicaemias reported from other centres in different countries has shown great variation in the pattern of aetiological agents observed, which may partly reflect differences in the local socio-economic condition, ethnic backgrounds, other predisposing factors, and blood culture techniques. Salmonella species were a prominent cause of septicaemia in several reports. Most centres have also reported an increasing problem with septicaemias associated with intravenous lines in patients receiving antiviral or other parenteral drug therapy.
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PMID:Septicaemia in patients with AIDS. 220 Nov 8

In north America and Europe, the opportunistic infections from which patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) frequently suffer are Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: in central Africa these infections are uncommon or non-existent. Serious infections with Entamoeba histolytica and Strongyloides stercoralis would be expected to occur in AIDS patients: they do not. Falciparum malaria might be expected to interact with HIV infection: it does not. The epidemiology and pathophysiology of these infections are discussed with respect to HIV co-infection.
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PMID:Missing infections in AIDS. 220 Nov 11

We describe the results of 43 bronchoscopic examinations carried out on 35 patients who were HIV positive. Of these, 13 were intravenous drug abusers, 13 were homosexual or bisexual, six were haemophiliacs, two were homosexual intravenous drug abusers and one was a heterosexual contact of a drug abuser. All underwent investigation because of respiratory symptoms. Aetiological diagnosis could not be made from physical examination, x-ray or routine laboratory tests but, was usually made using bronchoscopy and its associated investigations. Using these techniques, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was the commonest diagnosis (19 cases) followed by bacterial infection. Mycobacterial infection accounted for two cases and non-specific interstitial pneumonitis accounted for three. Kaposi's sarcoma was found in one instance and eight investigations were non-diagnostic.
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PMID:Lung pathology in HIV positive patients. 222 31

Acute miliary tuberculosis of the skin is an extremely rare infection that occurs in immunocompromised persons. We report an intravenous drug abuser with human immunodeficiency virus infection in whom erythematous papules developed on the trunk and proximal aspect of the extremities. Visceral lesions of unsuspected miliary tuberculosis were discovered at autopsy, and the cutaneous papules were found to contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is the first reported case of this cutaneous infection in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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PMID:Miliary tuberculosis presenting as skin lesions in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 222 36

A 34-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus infection and disseminated Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare infection developed a right psoas muscle abscess due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The abscess occurred 18 months after completion of a 12-month course of chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid that was given because of a positive reaction with purified protein derivative of tuberculin. The adjacent vertebrae did not appear to be involved. The abscess was drained with a percutaneously inserted catheter, and he received standard antituberculous chemotherapy. Three weeks into therapy, a second drainage with a catheter was required. The isolation of two mycobacteria in this patient and the apparent failure of chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid are noted.
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PMID:Tuberculous psoas muscle abscess following chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 223 13

Nine black children aged between 3 months and 30 months of age, with human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) infection are described to draw the attention of health professionals in southern Africa to special clinical characteristics useful for recognising this problem, which has many shared features with common diseases of infancy and childhood in the Third World. The main presenting complaints were chronic cough and persistent diarrhoea and vomiting. These children frequently had diarrhoea (8 of 9 patients), mucocutaneous candidiasis (8), pneumonia (7), hepatosplenomegaly (9), significant lymphadenopathy (5) and wasting (5). All were infected by common bacteria, such as Gram-negative organisms, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Campylobacter jejuni, or by opportunistic infections such as Candida or cytomegalovirus (CMV), or by both bacterial and opportunistic organisms. A raised total serum globulin level, anaemia, lymphopenia and a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis were frequent findings. Incomplete data on parental HIV status suggest perinatal transmission. Three of the children were HIV-antigen positive. The diagnosis of full-blown acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), using the stringent Centers for Disease Control criteria, is difficult in our situation because of limited diagnostic resources; however, using these criteria, and the clinical case definition for AIDS recommended by World Health Organisation, it is thought that probably 4 of these children could be considered as having AIDS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Some early observations on HIV infection in children at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban. 223 85

The diagnostic and therapeutic implications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis in South Africa, where tuberculosis remains a major health problem, are reviewed. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a high-grade pathogen and is able to establish infection early in immunodeficiency. With HIV infection showing significant entry into the heterosexual population in the RSA, an increasing number of cases with both infections can be expected to occur. The radiological appearance in combined infection is variable, ranging from a formal cavitatory picture to the more common finding of diffuse pulmonary infiltration. Intrathoracic adenopathy is a more specific sign of tuberculosis in HIV infection, since it is not associated with persistent generalised lymphadenopathy and pulmonary opportunistic infections, such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Intercurrent pneumonic infections and other pulmonary manifestations of HIV disease render the interpretation of new infiltrates on chest radiography problematical. Tuberculin skin testing remains useful in HIV infection and should be performed in all HIV-infected patients. The value of tuberculosis serology still remains questionable. Standard antituberculosis drug regimens are effective, but maintenance treatment must be continued for life and should include isoniazid and rifampicin. BCG vaccination is recommended routinely at birth in infants with HIV infection and for asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals who have not previously been immunised.
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PMID:AIDS and tuberculosis. 223 87

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is usually unresponsive to antimycobacterial therapy. We examined clinical and laboratory characteristics of MAI organisms and their relationship to the length of survival. We studied factors influencing survival and compared these in 76 patients with AIDS with and without MAI. Serum levels of p24 antigen and erythropoietin, and CD4-positive helper T-lymphocytes in blood were assessed in 36 additional patients with various clinical stages of HIV infection. In patients with MAI infection, survival was significantly related only to total lymphocyte count, hematocrit, platelet count, and sex. Of these, hematocrit and total lymphocyte count were the only linear predictors of survival. Anemia was significantly more profound in patients with AIDS and MAI than in the other patients. This anemia in patients with MAI could not be ascribed to increased peripheral destruction of red cells, deficient nutritional factors, or erythropoietin production, HIV viral or bacterial load, or a general effect on other blood elements such as neutrophils or platelets. The influence of MAI on survival in patients with AIDS did depend upon whether the MAI occurred as an index infection or was preceded by other opportunistic infections. Patients with other preceding opportunistic infection lived for a much shorter duration from the time of diagnosis of MAI.
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PMID:Severe anemia is an important negative predictor for survival with disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 225 48

Current surveillance data indicate that the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has increased the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). After years of decline, in 1986, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported a 2.6% rise in the number of cases of TB. The dual diagnosis of TB and HIV infection is being reported more frequently, especially among the inner city poor, racial and ethnic minorities, and intravenous drug users. Nurses need to be aware that intradermal tuberculin testing may be unreliable in HIV infected persons and that monitoring for treatment compliance may be difficult. Additionally, nurses should be aware of guidelines to minimize the potential for occupational exposure and the need for reporting all new cases and non-compliant persons to local health departments.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). 226 99


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