Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A simple dot enzyme immunoassay based on the recognition of serum IgG antibody to a 30,000 dalton native antigen purified from culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was developed and compared with a standard plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. The previously described favorable test characteristics of plate enzyme-linked immunoassay were confirmed; although the dot enzyme immunoassay was promising, it was less satisfactory. Dot enzyme immunoassay may have its most promising use as a screening test for situations of limited technical facilities. Both plate enzyme-linked immunoassay and dot enzyme immunoassay had markedly reduced sensitivities in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
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PMID:Microplate and dot immunoassays for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. 150 Aug 29

The 1991 literature on septic arthritis included a concise review of adult septic arthritis, examples of pseudoseptic arthritis, and two interesting animal studies. One animal study examined the induction of acute synovitis by the intra-articular injection of bacterial endotoxin and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta; and the other studied the effects of early and delayed synovectomy in the management of septic arthritis. The predispositions to septic arthritis can be divided into local joint abnormalities, systemic factors, or both. Examples of the local joint abnormalities include osteoarthritis of the hip and apatite-associated arthropathy. Septic arthritis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, in a patient with diabetes mellitus and hip arthropathy associated with hemochromatosis, or in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and hemophilic arthropathy are examples of how systemic predisposition is coupled with local joint pathology to increase the vulnerability of the host to joint infection. Other examples of systemic disease that predispose to septic arthritis are systemic lupus erythematosus, hypogammaglobulinemia, and human immunodeficiency virus infection, as well as intravenous drug abuse. Unusual microorganisms causing septic arthritis in the adult include Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Moraxella catarrhalis, meningococci, and diphtheroids. Uncommon pathogenesis is represented by a case of intra-articular inoculation of Mycobacterium gastri into the small joint of the hand and a case of mixed bacterial infection of the hip resulting from an extension of a contiguous pelvic infection associated with trauma. Two cases of immune complex glomerulonephritis illustrate the extra-articular complications of septic arthritis: one due to group G streptococcus and the other due to pneumococcus. Finally, septic bursitis is reviewed from the community practice perspective.
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PMID:Bacterial arthritis. 150 74

Multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-MTB) infection has not been recognized as a serious problem in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Multidrug resistance (MDR) has appeared in our medical center in 24 out of 72 patients between January 1990 and May 1991 compared to 8 out of 132 patients within the period from 1982 to 1987 (relative risk 5.50 with 95 percent confidence interval 2.61 to 11.61). We describe 19 patients with MDR in MTB (isoniazid and at least one additional first line drug), who had serologic evidence of HIV infection, 13 of whom were diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The MTB cultures from 10 out of 19 patients with MDR were resistant to three or more drugs. Fifteen patients died although 9 out of these 15 had received at least a four-drug regimen for a mean time of seven weeks (range 2 to 12). This increase in MDR was seen in ten homosexuals and nine intravenous drug users. This rapid appearance of MDR-MTB strains is worrisome. New strategies for empiric therapy of such patients while awaiting sensitivity data are needed.
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PMID:Multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 151 5

To investigate the development of a reduced DLCO in patients with HIV-related disease, we studied 474 HIV-seropositive patients and performed serial lung function measurements over 18 months. The mean values of DLCO at presentation were lower in patients with more advanced HIV disease compared with asymptomatic HIV-seropositive patients (DLCO 88% of predicted). When compared with the DLCO in asymptomatic HIV-seropositive patients, the DLCO had reduced values in patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) (82% of predicted, p less than 0.05), acquired deficiency syndrome-related complex (ARC) (73% predicted, p less than 0.001), nonpulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) (72% of predicted, p less than 0.001), nonpulmonary complications of AIDS excluding KS (73% of predicted, p less than 0.001), pulmonary KS (63% of predicted, p less than 0.001), pulmonary mycobacterial infection (68% of predicted, p less than 0.05), pyogenic infection (70%, p less than 0.05), acute Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP; 49%, p less than 0.001), and following recovery from PCP (71%, p less than 0.001). Serial lung function measurements over 18 months revealed no change in DLCO within any patient group, and in particular there was no tendency for a gradual decline. Clinical deterioration due to the development of PCP was associated with a reduction in DLCO. Conversely, in patients recovering from PCP, there was a partial improvement in DLCO over 3 months. Zidovudine (AZT) use did not affect DLCO within any diagnostic group or the recovery in DLCO following PCP. However, cigarette smoking was associated with further reductions in DLCO in all patient groups and with an impaired recovery of DLCO following acute PCP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Pulmonary function in human immunodeficiency virus infection. A prospective 18-month study of serial lung function in 474 patients. 151 57

In a survey of 3004 clinical specimens from 1112 HIV-negative and 679 clinical specimens from 140 HIV-positive patients which were submitted to our mycobacterial laboratory, we have analysed the different diagnostic approaches concerning mycobacterial disease in these two populations. We have assessed specimen-type, culture result, microscopical diagnosis and prevalence in relation to HIV status. Isolation rates of mycobacteria were highest in blood cultures from HIV-positive patients. 10 out of 140 HIV-positive patients had positive mycobacterial culture results. All 10 had positive blood cultures, but only three of them were positive for M. tuberculosis.
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PMID:Diagnosis, prevalence and drug resistance of mycobacteria in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients of an urban population in Germany. 152 Sep 62

Bone marrow biopsies from 125 patients at different stages of HIV infection were examined and the histopathological changes are described. Indications for biopsy included peripheral blood abnormalities, search for opportunistic pathogens, a suspected lymphoma or evaluation of its progression. Common histopathological features, suggestive of HIV infection but non-pathognomonic, were: severe hypercellularity (43.2%), myelodysplasia (74.4%), plasmocytosis (86.4%), and lymphocytic (36.8%) and histiocytic infiltrates with or without granulomas (20%). Reticular fibrosis (58.6%), iron deposits (59.2%), vascular congestion and mucoid degeneration of fat (18.4%) were frequently observed. Hypoplasia was usually a late-occurring event and/or may have been iatrogenic. Opportunistic infections were detected in 8 patients: Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (4 cases), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1 case), Cryptococcus neoformans (1 case), and Leishmania (1 case). Neoplastic complications were found in 3 patients: Burkitt's lymphoma (1 case) and Hodgkin's disease (2 cases). The pathophysiological mechanisms envisaged include the effect of HIV infection on precursor cells in the bone marrow.
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PMID:[The bone marrow in human HIV infection. A bioptic study of 125 cases]. 152 53

Between 1988/89 1207 HIV-positive patients were registered at the Medical Policlinic of the University Hospital Zurich. In 57 of these patients colonoscopy or rectosigmoidoscopy was performed because of serious symptoms or symptoms refractory to therapy (diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, massive abdominal pain, weight loss). 24/57 (42%) had a negative colonoscopy and in 6/57 patients (10%) Kaposi's sarcoma was found. 14/57 (25%) had unspecific colitis. In 13/57 (23%) cases with colitis, one or multiple bacterial or viral agents were diagnosed: CMV (n = 5), herpes (n = 2), Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (n = 3), different bacterial agents (n = 5), HIV (n = 1). One patient had a double and one a triple infection. Another had colitis with HIV as the only isolated pathogenic agent in the colon epithelium.
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PMID:[Diagnostic problems in infectious colitis in the framework of an HIV infection]. 153 96

Between 1984-1991, physicians at Hospital del Mar in Barcelona, Spain and the area with the highest prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosed active pulmonary nondisseminated TB in 57 HIV infected patients. 3 of these patients consistently had normal chest radiographs. All 3 patients had fever and cough. Case 1 was a 26 year old female intravenous (IV) drug user. She had generalized lymphadenopathy. Hematologic tests revealed an HIV positive status. Her CD4+ lymphocyte count was 782 x 10 to the 6th power/1. Her tuberculin skin test was negative. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in her sputum grew in Lowenstein medium. Acid fast bacilli were detected in her sputum with Ziehl-Nielsen stain. Physicians began antiTB therapy (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampin, and ethambutol). She improved within a few weeks. Case 2 was an HIV positive IV drug user and 33 years old. The CD4+ lymphocyte count was 645 x 10 to the 6th power/1. Acid fast bacilli were detected in his bronchoalveolar lavage with Ziehl-Nielsen stain. M. Tuberculosis in the lavage grew in Lowenstein medium. The physicians started him on the same antiTB therapy as Case 1. His condition improved with therapy. Case 3 was a 50 year old bisexual man. Hematologic tests showed HIV positivity. His CD4+ lymphocyte count was 790 x 10 to the 6th power/1. Further his tuberculin skin test was negative. Fibre optic bronchoscopic samples were negative for acid fast bacilli, but M. tuberculosis grew in Lowenstein culture. Blood, urine, bone marrow and gastric aspirates tested negative for M. tuberculosis. He began the same antiTB therapy as Cases 1 and 2. His condition improved. In conclusion, physicians should aggressively pursue a diagnosis to TB in HIV infected patients presenting with fever and cough. Their rate of hospitalization should fall with early diagnosis and treatment which will in turn prevent the spread of TB among the population.
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PMID:Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients with normal chest radiographs. 154 71

Mycobacterium gordonae is frequently isolated from urine, but M gordonae genitourinary disease is rare; the majority of the isolates are commensals. We describe a 40 year old housewife who presented with loin pain, dysuria and frequency. Urine contained excessive pus cells, was sterile on culture and she did not respond to broad spectrum antibiotics. There was repeated isolation of M gordonae from the urine and she responded to a standard antituberculosis regimen. She was irregular and non-compliant with supervised therapy and relapsed three months after stopping medications. She again had symptoms and M gordonae was repeatedly isolated from the urine, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogens were not isolated. There was no evidence of humoral or cellular immunodeficiency or HIV infection.
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PMID:Mycobacterium gordonae genitourinary disease. 154 12

Mycobacteria are acid-fast, slow-growing microorganisms which have gained attention due to increasing prevalence in AIDS patients. Until the advent of AIDS, the only true pathogens of this group were Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae and the remaining mycobacteria were considered to be saprophytes or opportunistic pathogens. Infection with the MOTT (mycobacteria other than tuberculosis) bacilli was only seen in elderly or immunocompromised patients and was generally limited to caseating pulmonary granulomas, with rare extrapulmonary involvement. In AIDS patients, however, the incidence of mycobacterial infections ranges from 10 to 60% of HIV-positive persons, depending on location, method of identification, and patient population. Furthermore the pathogenesis of these mycobacterioses is distinct from that seen in non-AIDS patients because disseminated disease is the rule rather than the exception. Finally treatment of mycobacterial infections is increasingly difficult due to multiple drug resistances as well as the length of antimicrobial therapy required to cure the disease. Because of the prevalence and importance of these microorganisms, much research has been performed with the mycobacteria to develop new therapies and to understand their modes of pathogenesis.
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PMID:Mycobacteria and AIDS. 157 82


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