Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of disseminated infection with the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in the natural history of AIDS has been controversial. It is now clear that this complication of immunosuppression induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has a major impact upon the quality of life and duration of survival of patients with advanced HIV-1 infection. Progress has been made in our understanding of the bacteriology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of MAC infection. Drs. Constance Benson and Jerrold Ellner (of Rush Medical College in Chicago and Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, respectively) have led the effort by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group to develop new methods of managing this serious complication of advanced HIV-1 infection. In this AIDS commentary they review our current knowledge of MAC organisms and the clinical problems resulting from infection with these mycobacteria.
 ...
PMID:Mycobacterium avium complex infection and AIDS: advances in theory and practice. 805 32

To describe the natural history of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 67 HIV-infected patients with CD4+ cell counts < 200/mm3 and initial negative MAC blood cultures were followed prospectively. Patients were screened every 3 months with cultures and smears of sputum, rectal swab, and blood for mycobacteria. Fourteen patients (20.9%) developed positive blood cultures for MAC (23.4%/year). Sputum cultures revealed MAC in 3 (21%) of the 14 patients at 1, 2, and 8 months before dissemination; no smears were positive. No rectal swab cultures or smears were positive before dissemination. Colonization of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts in persons with HIV infection and < 200/mm3 CD4+ cells is infrequently detected with currently available techniques. Screening cultures and smears of sputum and stool do not appear to be sensitive methods for detection of early MAC infection.
 ...
PMID:A prospective evaluation of Mycobacterium avium complex colonization of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 837 18

Treatment with ethambutol 15 mg/kg, rifabutin 6 mg/kg and amikacin 15 mg/kg (IV for 2-4 weeks) in 31 HIV infected patients with severe immunodeficiency and infection caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was evaluated in a retrospective study. The patients had one or more of the following clinical features: fever 31, weight loss 13, cough 10, pleurisy I, pericarditis 2, diarrhoea 12, peritonitis I. MAC was cultured from blood in 29, bone marrow in six, sputum in nine, faeces in 15, bowel biopsy in six and liver biopsy in four patients. Twenty-two of the 31 patients showed treatment response after a median time of 14 days, and five had a relapse successfully treated with another course of amikacin. Median survival time was 8 months.
 ...
PMID:Efficacy of triple drug regimen of amikacin, ethambutol and rifabutin in AIDS patients with symptomatic Mycobacterium avium complex infection. 838 30

We studied the response of monocytes/macrophages (MO/MAC) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) stimulation with respect to the expression of macrophage-specific products, i.e. macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), c-fms, c-sis, tissue factors, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) and interleukin-8 (IL8) after in vitro infection with HIV. The expression of IL8 was strongly elevated in HIV-infected cells, peaking at 4 h after stimulation with LPS. At that time, the uninfected control showed only weak expression of IL8. Other products, e.g. tissue factor, c-fms, M-CSF and TGF beta were not modulated after stimulation. In contrast to IL8, the expression of c-cis was significantly lower in infected cells after stimulation with IFN gamma compared to uninfected control cells.
 ...
PMID:Expression of macrophage products after in vitro infection of human monocytes/macrophages with HIV. 844 75

Community-acquired sinusitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa developed in four patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who had no local predisposing factors or neutropenia. Two persons were bacteremic. Combination antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage were necessary for adequate treatment. Ciprofloxacin-resistant strains were isolated possibly because of the chronic use of the drug as part of a treatment regimen for disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium complex. Physicians treating patients with HIV infection must have an increased index of suspicion for P. aeruginosa as a causative agent of sinusitis.
 ...
PMID:Sinusitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 845 52

The changing pattern of pediatric HIV infection is illustrated in this article with plain films and computed tomographic scans. Today, vertical transmission from infected mothers results in HIV infection of exposed infants in about one third of pregnancies. Although the high mortality with catastrophic illnesses such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia seen in early life appears to be decreasing, chronic illness with pulmonary involvement due to diffuse lymphocytic infiltrative syndromes continues. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) has evolved in some patients to cystic lung disease and bronchiectasis. There are increasing numbers of patients infected with Mycobacterium. Masses seemingly of smooth muscle origin, thought to be leiomyosarcoma are appearing; they may be pseudotumors related to concomitant Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection.
 ...
PMID:Pediatric HIV infection in its second decade--the changing pattern of lung involvement. Clinical, plain film, and computed tomographic findings. 849 84

The number of AIDS patients over age 60 has risen steadily in the past decade. The number of transfusion-acquired AIDS cases probably has peaked--or will soon peak. Homosexual (or bisexual) behavior remains the predominant risk factor for AIDS until the seventh decade. Disease progression appears to be more rapid in the elderly, although the observed shorter survival time may result from a delay in diagnosis. Symptoms of HIV infection are often nonspecific, such as fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, and decreased physical and cognitive function. The five most common opportunistic infections in older HIV-infected patients are Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, herpes zoster, and cytomegalovirus. A number of features of HIV-related dementia may help to distinguish it from Alzheimer's disease.
 ...
PMID:HIV infection in older patients: when to suspect the unexpected. 850 Jul 75

A randomized, prospective, open-label, treatment versus no treatment community-based clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of clofazimine as prophylaxis for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Subjects were 110 patients with a first episode of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 2-4 months before enrollment or CD4 lymphocyte counts < or = 100/mm3; they were randomized to receive 50 mg of clofazimine daily or no treatment. Seven patients randomized to clofazimine developed disseminated MAC infection, compared with 6 patients receiving no treatment. Seventeen patients died: 9 in the treatment group and 8 receiving no treatment. Clofazimine at a dose of 50 mg/day is well tolerated by patients with HIV disease. Reduction in CD4 lymphocyte count to < 50/mm3 is a significant predictor of the development of disseminated MAC infection.
 ...
PMID:Clofazimine as prophylaxis for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in AIDS. 850 40

Central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities attributed to direct effects of HIV infection are seen in most of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Secondary CNS infections with opportunistic and common pathogens are infrequent in this age group. We report 9 cases of opportunistic infection of the CNS found among 65 autopsy cases of pediatric AIDS. These included 4 cases of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, 1 of which was associated with aspergillosis, and 2 cases of candidiasis, 1 of which coexisted with Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) infection. There were also 2 cases of leptomeningitis, 1 due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and the other to Cryptococcus neoformans. In 1 child progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) coexisted with mycotic encephalitis caused by an Aspergillus sp.
 ...
PMID:Opportunistic infections of the central nervous system in children with HIV infection: report of 9 autopsy cases and review of literature. 852 20

The clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates and presentation of mycobacteriosis was compared in HIV-negative patients with or without preceding immunosuppression. Patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates (n = 139), mainly from the respiratory system, were divided into three groups: those who had had previous immunosuppressive treatment (24%), those with other underlying diseases (54%) and those without predisposing factors (22%). The distribution of mycobacterial species among the various patient groups was similar. The immunosuppressed patients fulfilled the criteria of the American Thoracic Society for clinical mycobacteriosis less frequently (18%) than those with other underlying diseases (32%) or without predisposing factors (45%), p = 0.07, the difference being more striking for patients with Mycobacterium avium complex isolates. This was partly due to the difficulty in distinguishing the relevant symptoms from those caused by the underlying disease. The proportion of patients receiving antimycobacterial therapy differed similarly (18%, 21%, 45%, respectively). Among the immunosuppressed patients, positive acid-fast smears were significantly less common and polymicrobial infections, initial lymphocytopenia, fever and fatal outcome significantly more common. About half of the immunosuppressed patients died within one year. In order to better define patients requiring treatment, the criteria for localized mycobacteriosis among immunosuppressed patients should be reevaluated.
 ...
PMID:Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in HIV-negative patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. 853 22


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>