Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The BCG vaccine is the most given throughout the world, and the immunization coverage is the highest: 72% in 1989 for children under one year of age. Following doubts which appeared in 1980 concerning its efficacy, many epidemiological studies confirmed the protective potency of this immunization against the severe forms of tuberculosis in children. Recent problems of tolerance arose but are now resolved by the adaptation of the vaccine concentration to the routine immunization of newborns. The world wide epidemic of AIDS and the concomitant recent increase in tuberculosis cases encourage to sustain the effort of immunization of infants. However, questions of theoretical interest have been shelved on this subject: is it reasonable to immunize HIV positive children in absence of clinical signs in countries with high prevalence? Is the vaccine effective in these special cases? Is it safe? In any case, it is the only effective and cheap way, and probably with no risk, of preventing child tuberculosis meningitis in endemic disease countries.
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PMID:[Role of BCG in the enlarged program of vaccination]. 181 32

Syphilitic meningitis, which can occur near the time of secondary syphilis, is frequently asymptomatic. There has been one recent report of an HIV-positive patient who developed syphilitic polyradiculopathy following a recent history of secondary syphilis. We describe an HIV-negative woman in whom paraparesis occurred secondary to syphilitic meningitis. Complete recovery followed a course of high-dose intravenous penicillin therapy, emphasizing the treatable nature of this cause of paraparesis.
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PMID:Syphilitic meningitis causing paraparesis in an HIV-negative woman. 186 31

We measured the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and neopterin in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 121 human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive (HIV+) and 62-seronegative (HIV-) individuals evaluated for neurologic disease. CSF levels of IFN-gamma and serum and CSF levels of neopterin were higher in HIV+ than in HIV- individuals. Patients with HIV- related meningitis and with opportunistic CNS infections had higher serum neopterin levels than HIV+ asymptomatic individuals. CSF levels of IFN-gamma were slightly higher in CSF of HIV+ individuals in all groups (0.31 +/- 0.03 U/ml) than in HIV- individuals (0.12 +/- 0.03). CSF levels of neopterin were similar in HIV+ asymptomatic individuals (6.9 +/- 0.7 nmol/l) and HIV- individuals (5.9 +/- 1.1), but were elevated in those HIV-infected individuals with neurologic disease, particularly patients with HIV-associated meningitis (72.1 +/- 13.3 nmol/l), opportunistic CNS infections (36 +/- 9.1), and inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies (32.4 +/- 17.2). Levels of neopterin correlated positively with levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor and soluble CD8, 2 additional indicators of immune activation. In the absence of neurologic disease, levels of IFN-gamma and neopterin in both serum and CSF were stable for up to 4 years after seroconversion. These data suggest that increased CSF neopterin is associated with HIV-associated neurologic disease.
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PMID:Neopterin and interferon-gamma in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-associated neurologic disease. 189 75

There is a paucity of published information available on extrapulmonary cryptococcosis (EC) in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus, the etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We surveyed investigators in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome around the country regarding their experience with EC. Investigators from 33 (87%) of 38 institutions responded and information on 13 patients from 11 institutions was analyzed. EC was the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome indicator disease in 9 (69%) of 13 patients. Median age was 8 years with a range of 2 to 17 years. Human immunodeficiency virus risk factors were transfusion (5 patients), hemophilia (4 patients) and perinatal exposure (4 patients). Meningitis, seen in 62% of patients, was the most common clinical manifestation. Although 2 patients with fulminant disease died before therapy was started, 10 (91%) of 11 had a clinical response to amphotericin B with or without flucytosine. Our study indicates a spectrum of EC in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection ranging from fulminant, fatal fungemia to chronic meningitis and fever of unknown origin. Cryptococcosis was generally not the cause of death in patients who initially responded to amphotericin B therapy. Optimal antifungal therapy, including the role of fluconazole, warrants further study.
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PMID:Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 192 78

We report five cases of aseptic meningitis presenting with high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell counts (260-600 cells/cmm) and mononuclear pleocytosis, suggesting the diagnosis of CNS malignant lymphoma. In four of five cases a reactive background of small lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils was seen. Immunocytochemical studies in all five cases revealed that 100% of the lymphoid cells were T-cells. Three of four cases evaluated for lymphocyte subsets displayed a CD4 to CD8 ratio of 3:1. In the fourth case the CD4:CD8 was 1 to greater than 10; this patient was subsequently proven to have AIDS with HIV meningitis. In this study the cytologic features of the benign atypical lymphoid pleocytosis of aseptic meningitis in contrast to malignant lymphomas in CSF specimens included small or indistinct nucleolus, regular perinucleolar area, smaller widely separated chromatin aggregates, generally ample cytoplasm with perinuclear clearing and polyclonal T-cell immunophenotype.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in aseptic meningitis: cytomorphic and immunocytochemical features. 195 36

Although resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection requires intact T cell-mediated immunity, only 20 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and listeriosis (including one patient described herein) have been reported to date. Listeriosis developed before AIDS in five cases. Syndromes included meningitis in nine cases, bacteremia in nine, brain abscess in one, and endocarditis in one. Eighteen patients were treated with ampicillin, penicillin, or amoxicillin with or without aminoglycosides. Clinical and microbiologic responses were obtained in one patient with bacteremia treated with vancomycin and in one patient with meningitis treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Three of the nine patients with meningitis died, as did the patient with brain abscess. All nine patients with bacteremia and the patient with endocarditis survived. No case of relapse was documented. L. monocytogenes, although uncommon, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile illness, meningitis, and brain abscess in patients with HIV infection.
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PMID:Listeriosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 201 9

Since 1986 the notation Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is used for the retroviral agent of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). At the beginning of the therapeutical interest in the immunodeficiency syndrome have been primarily focussed in the internal complications. 1982 one reported for the first time about nervous system manifestations (NS-M) in HIV-patients; according to the latest reports NS-M are diagnosed in 39-63% of these patients. In this review all important aspects of the pathogenesis, clinic and therapy for the HIV-associated peripheric- and central-neurological (like e.g. acute and chronic meningitis/meningoencephalitis, dementia, opportunistic infections, polyneuropathies and myopathies) and psychiatric diseases are described.
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PMID:[HIV and nervous system manifestations: a review]. 205 Mar 14

Although intensive care medicine and chemotherapy of bacterial infections have made great progress during the last 30 years, therapeutic efficacy in bacterial meningitis in adult patients could not be improved. Retrospective analysis of 391 cases of adult bacterial meningitis between 1950 and 1985 shows no significant changes in etiology and only slight reduction in mortality. The course of the disease depends mostly on age, state of consciousness and CSF cell count. Cases of meningitis in HIV patients and cerebral tuberculosis have not been evaluated in this study.
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PMID:[Fatality of purulent meningitis in adults 1950 to 1985. Retrospective study of the case histories of 391 patients of the Cologne Neurologic University Clinic]. 208 9

Patients infected with HIV demonstrate increased susceptibility to serious infections with non-typhoidal salmonellae. However, no cases of salmonella meningitis have been reported in this population. We now report three cases of salmonella meningitis which occurred in a population of 1800 patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex at our hospitals. The incidence of meningitis complicating salmonella infection in our HIV-infected population appears to be much higher than that reported in non-AIDS patients (7.5 versus 0.15%). All had cerebrospinal fluid parameters consistent with bacterial meningitis, and two of three revealed organisms on cerebrospinal fluid Gram stain. Two presented with a fulminant illness and died despite therapy; the third developed a brain abscess associated with a relapse of meningitis. Salmonella meningitis should be considered as a cause of acute neurological deterioration in patients at risk for HIV-related disease. Relapses may occur, and mortality is high.
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PMID:Salmonella meningitis and infection with HIV. 208 4

sHLA are soluble class I antigens produced by lymphocytes on early activation. We have studied the sHLA index IH = (CSF sHLA/serum sHLA)/(CSF albumin/serum albumin), which reflects the intrathecal synthesis (ITS) of sHLA in 23 intravenous drug abusers with central nervous system (CNS) HIV infection. Their mean IH value was increased and directly correlated with ITS of IgG against HIV when the total group of patients was studied; however, 8 of them, who suffered from concomitant tuberculous meningitis, had a decreased IH. The relationship between this index, blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, and HIV and tuberculous infection was also studied. We consider IH an index of lymphocyte activation within the CNS. Its decrease in patients with CNS HIV infection may reflect the presence of a meningeal opportunistic infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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PMID:Intrathecal synthesis of soluble class I antigens (sHLA) in patients with HIV infection and tuberculous meningitis. 208 32


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