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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exteroceptive suppression (ES) of temporalis muscle activity, particularly the multisynaptic ES2, has been reported to be significantly reduced in tension type headache, but not in migraine. We re-evaluated the methods of optimally analysing the single shock technique and its intra- and inter-individual variability in 26 normal subjects. These data were compared with the results in patients with migraine, post-lumbar puncture headache, headache due to meningitis, tension-type headaches in HIV infection and patients with symptomatic headache of various etiologies. ES2 was absent in about 50% of tension-type headache patients, but only in one normal subject. With the methods used here and when patients with absent ES2 were excluded, mean duration of ES2 was not significantly different between the various groups. It seems therefore necessary, in spite of increased discomfort for patients, to use complementary methods, such as averaging 16-32 responses and applying various stimulation sets, if one wants to increase the potency of temporalis ES2 as a diagnostic and pathophysiologic tool in headache.
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PMID:Exteroceptive suppression of temporalis muscle activity in various types of headache. 155 31

We present four cases of C. neoformans meningitis (CNM) in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection treated with fluconazole p.o. at an initial dose of 400 mg followed by 200 mg/day during a follow up period ranging from 3 to 12 months, and who presented an excellent clinical evolution. When comparing them to our previous cases who were treated with Amphotericin-B in combination with 5-fluorocytosine, a decrease in mean hospital stay (p less than 0.001) and a smaller incidence of secondary effects were observed. Treatment with fluconazole seems to be an effective alternative in treatment of CNM. Future greater studies are needed to confirm this findings.
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PMID:[Fluconazole treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with HIV infection. Presentation of 4 cases]. 156 53

In the present paper the authors review the biological properties of the HIV infection. The preferential target of HIV infection is the lymphocyte that expresses the CD4 phenotype. Infection of CD4 subsets leads to a remarkable cytopathic effect that can be blocked by antibodies anti CD4 epitope. Actually the HIV envelope proteins recognize an epitope of the CD4 surface molecules; as consequence the antibodies anti idiotypic directed to CD4 indirectly present the binding of envelope proteins to CD4. The relationship between this retrovirus and the immunological pathogenesis of the disease are also discussed. HIV infection is facilitated in groups affected by alterations of the immune system as drug abusers, haemophiliacs and homosexuals. Secondary immunological abnormalities are consistently pronounced in people seropositive for the virus and affected by a progressive generalized lymphoadenopathy (PGL). The degeneration of primary lymphatic organs causes a reduction of the T-cell response against any antigenic challenge. After the PGL phase the disease shifts on AIDS, that is an irreversible stadium accompanied by the deterioration of the clinical status and by an increase of immunosuppression that favours the arise of tumours. In addiction HIV infection may cause severe central nervous system (CNS) dysfunctions, the HIV associated neurological syndromes include myelopathy, meningitis, encephalitis and peripheral neuropathy. HIV has also been isolated from brain tissue and from cerebral spinal fluid.
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PMID:Biological aspects of HIV infection. 156 58

A 32 years old male patient is described with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on stage IV C1 and with positive Ag p24 who developed tuberculous meningitis of atypical presentation. A persistent liquoral neutrophilia and low adenosindeaminase values were observed in cerebrospinal fluid of purulent appearance. The patient responded badly to tuberculostatic treatment and died. In the antibiogram carried out resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis was observed to rifampicine and isoniazide, two of the five drugs the patient had received. The peculiarities of the clinical form of presentation similar to purulent bacterian meningitis are discussed, and the possible influence of HIV infection and the antibiotic multiresistance observed in the bad evolution of the tuberculous meningitis which the patient developed.
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PMID:[Tuberculous meningitis with atypical presentation in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection]. 146 Sep 21

Itraconazole has emerged as an important new oral agent in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. We report a summary of available data on its use in aspergillosis, cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis compiled in the United States with particular attention to the immunocompromised host. Data has been accrued in open-label studies including 57 patients with cryptococcal disease where the overall response rate among patients with meningitis was 86%, 28 patients (seven with HIV infection) with invasive aspergillus where the overall response rates were 80% in non-AIDS and 42% in HIV patients. Data is summarized on six patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, all of whom improved on therapy, and twelve patients with histoplasmosis including eight with AIDS, eleven of whom responded (three newly reported cases are included). In summary, itraconazole showed activity in human studies of aspergillosis, cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis with minimal toxicity. Itraconazole offers a new oral alternative to conventional amphotericin B therapy in these infections. Comparative studies are needed to clarify its role.
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PMID:[The treatment of aspergillosis, cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients. Report of experience in the United States]. 166 5

A case of meningococcal purpura fulminans is reported in a 22-year-old woman who also suffered from a congenital deficiency in the seventh component of the complement system. This was her third episode of recurrent meningitis. In the course of her treatment in intensive care, the septic shock was cured, but she developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Histological investigations revealed abnormalities in her T-cell population, with a very low T-helper (CD4) to T-suppressor (CD8) ratio. Laboratory data showed that she did not have any antibodies to HIV.
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PMID:[Purpura fulminans and C7 deficiency complicated by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]. 168 68

A case of a patient diagnosed of Austrian' syndrome associated to HIV infection is presented. Our aim is to highlight the frequent but not enough described association to pneumonia, endocarditis and meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumonia to increased its knowledge and permit a correct and early treatment, improving the bad prognosis of this association.
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PMID:[Austrian's syndrome and infection with human immunodeficiency virus]. 176 49

Up to now little involvement of the afferent visual pathway (optic nerve and optic radiation and visual cortex) in HIV infection has been apparent. These results are based on our prospective investigations of 538 HIV-infected individuals, among them 261 patients with full-blown AIDS carried out by the same examiner over a 6-year period (1984-1990). Diseases of the optic nerve were observed in 22/261 (8.4%) of Aids patients but in only 1/227 (0.4%) of patients with earlier stages of HIV infection. Optic neuritis was the most common disease (in 14/261 = 5.4% of Aids patients), for the most part occurring in the course of CMV (cytomegalovirus) retinitis. For this form the prognosis was primarily good under virustatic therapy with ganciclovir in contrast to primary CMC papillitis. Furthermore, a few cases of optic perineuritis, optic neuropathy in basal meningitis, ischemic optic neuropathy and papilloedema with increased intracranial pressure were observed, most of them caused by opportunistic infections of the central nervous system. In single cases the HIV might hypothetically have played a role in the etiology. Visual impairment of the patients varied from subtle disturbances to blindness. Often optic atrophy resulted. Homonymous hemianopsia was the principal sign in diseases of the visual pathway between the lateral geniculate body and the visual cortex (in 10/261 = 3.8% of Aids patients). This symptom resulted from cerebral toxoplasmosis in 7 cases, progressive multifocal leukoencepalopathy (PML) in 2 cases and primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma in 1 case. The visual fields and neuroradiological findings are demonstrated. In 3 cases the homonymous hemianopsia was the first clinical appearance of Aids. Involvement of the afferent visual pathway in HIV infection may be a cause of blindness or visual disturbances despite normal findings on examination of the eyes themselves.
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PMID:[Disorders of the afferent visual pathway in HIV infection. 1. Optic nerve and 2. Visual pathways/visual cortex]. 179 96

The humoral immune response occurring during mycobacterial infections was analysed with an ELISA test based on antigen 60. With tuberculosis, IgM antibodies indicate a primo-infection or a process of reactivation while IgG determinations allow an evaluation of the intensity of the infectious process. The test is also applicable to extrapulmonary tuberculosis, provided its sensitivity be adapted to these particular cases. This is particularly clear for tuberculous meningitis. The test is not species-specific and allows the detection of antibodies in atypical mycobacterioses and in leprosy patients. The final differentiation must be done by clinical examinations and cultures. In leprosy patients, IgM antibodies are detected nearly as frequently as IgG antibodies. In HIV-seropositive patients, the A60 seropositivity is correlated with a reactivation of former tuberculous infections and with primary tuberculous infections. At the AIDS stage, the A-60 seropositivity is due to atypical mycobacteria, with a better IgM than IgG response. Healthy people are negative in serology: the positive cases observed are due to inapparent infections gained by contact with an infectious focus. The seropositive cases observed in non-tuberculous hospitalized patients are restricted to some disease types, essentially lung infections (cystic fibrosis, cancer pneumopathies, sarcoidosis). Some patients have low levels of antibodies. This anergy may be traced to the formation of immune complexes or else to a weak avidity of the specific antibodies produced. This test should not be considered to be a diagnostic tool by itself. It should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic means that, together, allow the determination of a diagnosis.
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PMID:Clinical usefulness of serological measurements obtained by antigen 60 in mycobacterial infections: development of a new concept. 179 93

From July 1, 1989 to September 5, 1990, 530 serum specimens and 50 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 334 HIV-1 infected patients, most of whom had AIDS or ARC, were analysed in a cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination assay, and all were negative. Three cases of meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed by microscopy and culture in 3 HIV-1 infected patients are presented. Stored specimens of serum and CSF from these patients were assayed for cryptococcal antigen, and in all 3 the onset of meningitis was preceded by the presence of cryptococcal antigen in serum. It is concluded that the low occurrence of cryptococcosis in our patient population does not justify a routine serum screening for cryptococcal antigen.
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PMID:Low yield of screening for cryptococcal antigen by latex agglutination assay on serum and cerebrospinal fluid from Danish patients with AIDS or ARC. 181 31


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