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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Over the last 4 years, we observed 122 patients with AIDS and 20 with AIDS-related lymphomas (ARL) in the chest. Eighteen of the latter were non-Hodgkin's forms, mostly high-grade and high-stage B-cell (Burkitt or Burkitt-like) types (16 cases.) This prevalence reflects the overall increase in neoplasms secondary to immunodepression, which is parallel to improved prevention and control of opportunistic infections. Of 20 ARLs, 5 (25%) presented thoracic lesions; in 4 of them the onset of the disease was localized in the chest. The incidence of such manifestations is higher than that reported in the literature. Moreover, radiological features are quite atypical relative to the "classical" signs of lymphoma in the general population, with predominant (60%) nodules or quickly-growing peripheral masses which may subsequently invade chest walls. Isolated nodal enlargement is also a possible finding, as well as pleural effusion. This pattern, though not pathognomonic, is highly suggestive--in HIV-positive patients--of ARL. In all the patients with pulmonary lymphoma CT demonstrated bilateral lesions--more than conventional X-rays--with morphologic and densitometric features which helped make the correct diagnosis. Moreover, CT was helpful in choosing the appropriate site for biopsy.
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PMID:[Thoracic lymphoma in AIDS]. 194 61

We report five cases of aseptic meningitis presenting with high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell counts (260-600 cells/cmm) and mononuclear pleocytosis, suggesting the diagnosis of CNS malignant lymphoma. In four of five cases a reactive background of small lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils was seen. Immunocytochemical studies in all five cases revealed that 100% of the lymphoid cells were T-cells. Three of four cases evaluated for lymphocyte subsets displayed a CD4 to CD8 ratio of 3:1. In the fourth case the CD4:CD8 was 1 to greater than 10; this patient was subsequently proven to have AIDS with HIV meningitis. In this study the cytologic features of the benign atypical lymphoid pleocytosis of aseptic meningitis in contrast to malignant lymphomas in CSF specimens included small or indistinct nucleolus, regular perinucleolar area, smaller widely separated chromatin aggregates, generally ample cytoplasm with perinuclear clearing and polyclonal T-cell immunophenotype.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in aseptic meningitis: cytomorphic and immunocytochemical features. 195 36

The central nervous system was examined in 135 adult AIDS patients who died between August 1982 and December 1990. Twenty two brains showed non-diagnostic changes including microglial nodules, discrete myelin pallor with reactive astrocytosis, mineralization of blood vessels and granular ependymitis. In 105 brains with specific changes, toxoplasmosis was the most frequent finding (55 cases) manifested by multifocal necrotic lesions or diffuse pseudo-encephalitic process. Other opportunists included cytomegalovirus (21 case), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (1 cases), cryptococcosis (6 cases), mycobacterium avium intracellulaire (2 cases), varicella-zoster virus (2 cases), aspergillosis (1 case) and multiple bacterial microabscesses (1 case). Multinucleated giant cells were found in 52 cases. In 40 cases, they were widely disseminated throughout the brain and in 39 cases, they were associated with diffuse or multifocal white matter changes. Fifteen cases had a cerebral lymphoma, 9 hepatic encephalopathy, 1 centropontine myelinolysis and 1 focal pontine leukoencephalopathy. Three cases had a cerebral haemorrhage due to disseminated intravascular coagulation, antithrombin therapy and amyloid angiopathy. Spinal changes in 13 cases included vacuolar myelopathy (7 cases), HIV myelitis (1 case) and ganglio-radiculitis (1 cases), cytomegalovirus myelo-radiculitis (1 case) secondary spread from a lymphoma (1 case) and spinal infarcts due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (1 case). These lesions were frequently atypical and various combinations of all these pathologies were encountered in the same brain, sometimes in the same area and occasionally in the same cell. Chronological variations in the incidence of some complications could be related to changes in treatment.
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PMID:[Neuropathologic study of 135 adult cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)]. 195 58

Human monolayer cells of various origins were shown to be susceptible to infection by HIV-1, HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus obtained from African green monkeys (SIVagm). Immunoperoxidase staining revealed infection of 2-7% of the monolayer cells, although in order to achieve infection approximately 50-fold more virus was necessary than with CD4(+)-permissive lymphoma cells. No CD4-receptor antigen expression by fibroblastoid cells was detectable by immunofluorescence using several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), although a low level of CD4-specific messenger RNA expression was revealed by Northern analysis (with the exception of Tera-1 and RD cells). Attempts to block viral infection by anti-CD4 MAbs indicated a CD4 receptor-mediated mechanism for all lines tested except RD cells. We conclude that a low level of CD4-receptor expression is sufficient to allow infection of fibroblastoid cells. The infectability of a CD4-negative cell line indicates a second pathway of cellular infection, possibly mediated by a cellular receptor distinct from the CD4 molecule.
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PMID:Productive infection of both CD4+ and CD4- human cell lines with HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIVagm. 197 66

Sera from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected and -noninfected individuals were screened for antibodies that could bind to native T cell differentiation antigens. Antibodies that could immunoprecipitate CD43 (sialophorin, leukosialin) from a T cell lymphoma line were detected in sera from 27% of patients, and antibodies that could bind specifically to transfected cells expressing CD43 were detected in 47% of patients. The anti-CD43 antibodies were related to HIV-1 infection in that no patients with other chronic viral infections or systemic lupus erythematosus contained such antibodies in their sera. The anti-CD43 autoantibodies bound to a partially sialylated form of CD43 expressed by normal human thymocytes, but not by normal, circulating T lymphocytes. However, the determinant(s) recognized by the anti-CD43 autoantibodies was present on a large proportion of circulating T lymphocytes, but masked from antibody recognition by sialic acid residues. These results demonstrate that HIV-1 infection is specifically associated with the production of autoantibodies that bind to a native T cell surface antigen.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals make autoantibodies that bind to CD43 on normal thymic lymphocytes. 197 35

Involvement of the pancreas by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has not been adequately addressed and is the object of this review. I analyzed the English language literature, including single case reports of pancreatic involvement and larger series reporting detailed pathological findings of patients with HIV infection. Nonspecific pathological changes in the pancreas are frequently seen at autopsy of HIV-infected patients, but are not more common than in controls. Several types of infections (mainly cytomegalovirus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Mycobacteria) and neoplasms (lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma) can involve the pancreas because they are usually disseminated. Although the serum amylase may be elevated, the patient remains asymptomatic. Occasional instances of severe and even fatal pancreatitis have been reported with HIV infections and attendant drug toxicity. Pentamidine has a predictable incidence of hypoglycemic episodes and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine provokes pancreatitis in a minority of treated patients. Such drug toxicity seems to deserve greater clinical concern than opportunistic infections or neoplasms.
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PMID:Pancreatic involvement in human immunodeficiency virus infection. 200 47

The pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in HIV-infected individuals is currently poorly understood; however, recent molecular studies have subdivided these lymphomas into distinct molecular pathologic entities. Similar to endemic and sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma, monoclonal B-lymphoma subsets were found to be infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or have c-myc gene rearrangements, suggesting a role for EBV infection or chromosomal translocation in a subset of AIDS NHLs. Similar to lymphomas that occur in immunosuppressed transplant patients, EBV-positive polyclonal lymphomas also have been described. Unique to HIV-infected patients, however, is the subset of polyclonal B-cell lymphoma with no evidence for EBV infection. Based on these molecular studies, it is apparent that the AIDS NHLs represent a heterogeneous set of diseases with a number of pathogenic processes involved in lymphomagenesis.
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PMID:Molecular pathogenesis of AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 202 96

Although primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma was considered part of the spectrum of AIDS from the outset, systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is considered a rather late manifestation of HIV infection. Any group at risk for AIDS may develop HIV-related lymphoma, and the characteristics of disease in all groups appear identical. The majority of these lymphomas are of the high-grade, B-cell types, including B-immunoblastic lymphoma and small noncleaved, Burkitt or non-Burkitt. Advanced, extranodal disease is seen at diagnosis in the majority of patients, who often present with widespread disease involving multiple organs. Central nervous system disease may be seen in the absence of systemic lymphoma ("primary CNS lymphoma") and carries a particularly poor prognosis. Leptomeningeal involvement is the most common central nervous system manifestation of systemic HIV-related lymphoma, and its presence does not imply a worse prognosis. Although very intensive regimens of multiagent chemotherapy have been employed in patients with HIV-related lymphoma, several studies indicate that these patients may not be able to tolerate such dose intensity. Newer regimens, employing lower dose-intensive regimens with early CNS prophylaxis, may be effective in inducing remissions in approximately half of treated individuals, who may attain long-term, lymphoma-free survival.
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PMID:Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management of AIDS-related lymphoma. 202 97

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has had a major impact on all aspects of clinical neuroscience in the past few years. Thus understanding acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its associated complications within the nervous system was a major component of this review of the past year's radiologic literature of infection in the central nervous system. Particular topics discussed include the appearance of primary human immunodeficiency virus infection of the brain as well as toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal infection, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In addition, the association of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with the appearance of lymphoma, myeloradiculopathy, and vascular disease are considered. The remainder of the literature on central nervous system infection in the past year generally concerned the imaging characteristics of unusual infections such as cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, tuberculosis, Lyme disease, viral infection, and nonspecific inflammation of the meninges. The availability of an MR imaging contrast agent (gadolinium) also provided important diagnostic information to the radiologist in the imaging of infection in the central nervous system.
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PMID:Infections of the central nervous system. 202 2

Besides central nervous system, pulmonary and cutaneous manifestations, the gastrointestinal tract and the hepatobiliary system are major organs in AIDS. Gastrointestinal symptoms due to opportunistic infections or HIV-associated tumours are common in AIDS patients. Nevertheless, a huge variety of endoscopically diagnosed mucosal lesions may not always be correlated to microbiological findings, clinical symptoms and histological aspects. Cytomegalovirus being the most important opportunistic infection in the GI tract in symptomatic AIDS patients, is correlated with erosive and ulcerative lesions, often accompanied by complications like perforation or bleeding. HIV-associated tumours in the GI tract like Non Hodgkin-lymphoma or Kaposi sarcoma may present with atypical endoscopic findings. Diagnostic procedures should include microbiological and histological investigations of biopsies looking for opportunistic infections. Besides, typical immunological changes involving the mucosa as direct target organ of the HIV virus, are important to understand morphological and functional abnormalities in HIV-patients with GI symptoms.
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PMID:[Manifestations of AIDS in the gastrointestinal tract]. 202 6


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