Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We recently identified an HIV-1 subtype C and D circulating recombinant form (CRF10_CD) in infants in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. So far, this is the only reported HIV-1 CRF in East Africa. However, evidence for its spread in the adult population is scarce. Here we describe the presence of CRF10_CD in two asymptomatic bar and hotel workers in Moshi, Northern Tanzania. Subgenomic sequences from gag (3'p24-5'p7), env (C2-C5), and the 5' LTR were used for phylogenetic analysis and identification of recombination. Genetic divergence between the CRF10_CD sequences from Moshi suggested that they were contracted from independent sources. A third bar worker was infected with an apparent CRF10_CD/subtype A recombinant virus. Our data indicate that CRF10_CD genomes can be transmitted both vertically and heterosexually.
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PMID:Identification of CRF10_CD viruses among bar and hotel workers in Moshi, Northern Tanzania. 1622 19

Ultraviolet-based therapy has been used to treat various pruritic conditions including pruritus in chronic renal failure, atopic dermatitis, HIV, aquagenic pruritus and urticaria, solar, chronic, and idiopathic urticaria, urticaria pigmentosa, polycythemia vera, pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy, breast carcinoma skin infiltration, Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic liver disease, and acquired perforating dermatosis, among others. Various mechanisms of action for phototherapy have been posited. Treatment limitations, side effects, and common dosing protocols are reviewed.
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PMID:Ultraviolet phototherapy for pruritus. 1629 8

Kidney is one of the organs, as haematopoietic tissue and central nervous system, representing a reservoir of HIV-1, where the virus can exert a direct pathogenic activity. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is the prominent illness among the numerous renal injuries occurring in HIV-1 infection. It is characterized by heavy proteinuria and rapid progression to end stage renal disease. Histopathologically, HIVAN is a collapsing form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with podocyte hyperplasia and dedifferentiation, associated with severe tubulopathy which is characterized by tubular apoptosis, microcysts, and interstitial fibrosis. Several clinical and experimental data point to a direct role of HIV-1 in kidney damage. In renal biopsies of HIVAN cases viral transcripts have been found in glomerular and tubular epithelial cells. Transgenic mice expressing replication-defective HIV proviral constructs develop a renal disease similar to HIVAN both from the histopathological and clinical point of view. In vitro studies using cultures of human renal cells have shown that HIV-1 can induce in glomerular and tubular cells distinct pathogenic effects, which mimic the pathological features of HIVAN in vivo. A large body of evidence suggests that an abnormal response of podocytes to HIV-1 infection and/or HIV-1 proteins is the key event in HIVAN pathogenesis. Since the highly-active antiretroviral therapy has demonstrated scant beneficial effects on the development of HIVAN, the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms activated by HIV-1 in the renal cells might allow designing specific therapeutic strategies.
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PMID:[HIV-1 and renal cells: pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy]. 1634 49

Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of HIV infection in immigrants hospitalised in infectious disease settings in Italy during 2002. Each participating centre filled in a CRF which regarded the number of immigrants hospitalised in ordinary regime or in day-hospital during 2002 and, for HIV-positive patients only, some demographic (age, sex, origin) and clinical features (only HIV positivity or AIDS, new diagnosis or not, diagnosis of opportunistic infections). A total of 46 Infectious Diseases Units participated in the study and a total number of 2255 patients were tested for anti-HIV, irrespective of the cause of hospitalization, with 378 (16%) cases of positivity. Women accounted for 47.9%; the mean age of the population was 34.5 years. African patients showed a higher prevalence of HIV infections than subjects from other geographical areas (61.9% of all cases). Most HIV-infected patients were unaware of their positivity. In conclusion, HIV infection represents one of the main health problems among immigrants, particularly of African origin.
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PMID:Prevalence of HIV infections in hospitalised immigrants in Clinics of Infectious Diseases in Italy: a multicentric survey. 1639 17

Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) have emerged as important human pathogens that can cause a variety of diseases. Thirty isolates of the pathogenic RGM were recovered from patients who attended King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital during 1997 and 2003. There were 16 isolates of Mycobacterium chelonae, ten isolates of M. fortuitum and four isolates of M. abscessus. Clinical data was available in only nine patients (five males and four females) including six M. chelonae, two M. abscessus, and one M. fortuitum. The mean age was 37 years (range: 13-62 years). The associated conditions were present in five patients including two diabetes, one HIV infection, one pregnancy, one SLE and one chronic renal failure. A wide spectrum of clinical features was observed. These included two chronic pulmonary infections, two post-traumatic wound infections, two disseminated infections, one lymphadenitis, one keratitis and respiratory colonization. AFB staining was positive in six patients (66.67%). The MIC of one M. chelonae and one M. abscessus were determined by Epsilon test. For M. chelonae, the MIC of clarithromycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and imipenem were 0.25, 2.0, 1.00, > 64, and 0.54 microg/ml, respectively. For M. abscessus, the MIC of clarithromycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole were 0.016, 0.016, 0.038, > 16 and 0.002 microg/ml, respectively. Six of eight patients (75%) were initially treated with four first-line antituberculous drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) before obtaining the culture result. Of these, three patients with pulmonary and disseminated infections improved after a prolonged course of these combinations. The patients improved after switching to specific anti-RGM antibiotics. One patient died after 10 months of therapy of four anti-tuberculous drugs. One patient with post-traumatic wound infection was cured with surgical debridement and dicloxacillin. One patient improved after treatment as acute bronchitis with oral amoxicillin. An extensive review of the literature of RGM infections in Thailand is also presented.
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PMID:Rapidly growing mycobacteria in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and review of the literature in Thailand. 1640 50

To study recombination and the natural polymorphism in pol of HIV-1 strains in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) we sequenced the protease and RT genes for 70 HIV-1 strains previously characterized in the env V3-V5 region from a sentinel surveillance study in 2002. For 41 of the 70 (58.6%) strains, the same subtype/ CRF designations were observed in pol and env. Twenty-three (32.9%) of 70 pol sequences were complex recombinants involving two to five subtypes as well as fragments that could not be classified into any of the known subtypes. All subtypes were involved in recombination events. Unclassified (U) and env subtype H strains were very likely to be recombinant strains. Overall, many minor mutations were identified in the protease sequences. Although at the time of our study ARV use was not yet widespread in DRC, three strains were identified with one major mutation associated with drug resistance: L90M and M46L in protease and K103N in RT.
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PMID:HIV type 1 pol gene diversity and antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). 1647 4

A 5 year retrospective review of cases of melioidosis was carried out in Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor Bahru. There were 44 new cases of melioidosis which was proven by either blood or pus culture growing Burkholderia pseudomallei from the period between January 1999 and December 2003. Of these, 38 (86.4%) were males compared to only 6 (13.6%) females. Thirty-one (70.5%) were Malays, 7 (15.9%) were Chinese, 5 (11.4%) were Indians and 1 (2.2%) was a Sarawakian. The peak age group was between 50 and 59 years (31.8%). Out of these 44 new cases, only 32 medical records could be retrieved and analysed. Twenty-four out of 32 patients (75%) analysed had diabetes mellitus, 4 had chronic or end stage renal failure (CRF/ESRF) and only 1 had Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). One case of "near drowning" was also recorded. Twenty-one out of 44 patients or 47.7% died, of which 8 (38.1%) died within 24 hours of admission. Pulmonary involvement was recorded in 62.6% of the patients but many had signs and symptoms of multiorgan involvement.
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PMID:Melioidosis: the Johor Bahru experience. 1651 1

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) has become the most widely used cytokine in the world. Following the success of its use in patients with end-stage renal disease, the usefulness of rHuEpo to ameliorate other anemias was assessed, including pediatric patients and newborn infants. The treatment or prevention of anemia of prematurity with rHuEpo resulted in a significant reduction in the number of transfusions and donor exposure. A clear definition of which premature babies must receive therapy needs yet to be established. Other indications in neonatal period include hyporegenerative and hemolytic anemias. With the exception of chronic renal failure, in older children the efficacy of rHuEpo has not been evaluated as in adults. While an impressive amount of studies were carried out during the last years in adult patients with cancer-related or HIV-infection-related anemias, allowing to establish clear conclusions on its efficacy, only a few trials with small number of patients have been reported in children. Up to date, results in pediatric patients suggest that rHuEpo therapy is as useful as in adult patients, but prospective, randomized trials including large number of patients are essential to achieve definitive conclusions. Results of studies designed to evaluate the efficacy of rHuEpo for sustaining an adequate dose of ribavirin in patients receiving treatment for hepatitis C are encouraging. The potential for use of the non-hematopoietic effects of rHuEpo in newborn infants is a novel and exciting issue. The role of rHuEpo as a tissue protective factor for central nervous system and intestinal mucosa is under exhaustive investigation.
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PMID:[Human recombinant erythropoietin therapy]. 1655 32

Grover's disease ("transient acantholytic dermatosis") is a transient dermatosis of unknown cause manifesting clinically as a papular skin eruption located usually on the anterior chest and abdomen and histologically with dyskeratosis and acantholysis. Grover's disease has occasionally been reported in patients with chronic renal failure, HIV infection, hematological malignancies and bone-marrow allotransplantation. We report herein a new case of Grover's disease that developed in a renal transplant patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of Grover's disease developing in the setting of solid organ transplantation.
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PMID:Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover's disease) in a renal transplant patient. 1662 Feb 22

Non-B HIV-1 viruses are predominant in developing countries where access to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) is progressively being intensified. It is important to obtain more data on the susceptibility of these viruses to available ARVs. CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, and subtype C strains of HIV-1 obtained from untreated patients from Vietnam, Cote d'Ivoire, and India were analyzed for their in vitro susceptibility to NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, and an entry inhibitor (T-20) using a recombinant viral assay (PHENOSCRIPT). The corresponding viruses, which had been previously sequenced in reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (prot), plus envelope (env) C2/V3 genes and had therefore been fully characterized, were further sequenced in env HR1 + HR2 regions. CRF01_AE isolates are sensitive to NRTIs and NNRTIs with the exception of one isolate that exhibits a decreased susceptibility to NNRTIs associated with a I135T substitution in RT. CRF02_AG and subtype C viruses are sensitive to NRTIs and NNRTIs but some CRF02_AG isolates tend to be resistant to abacavir, potentially related to associated substitutions of RT at positions 123 (D123N) plus 135 (I135V). Whereas all but one CRF01_AE isolates are fully susceptible to PIs, some CRF02_AG and, more frequently, some subtype C isolates are resistant to atazanavir. The role of substitutions in prot at positions of secondary resistance mutations 20, 36, 63, and 82 is raised with a potentially crucial role of the V82I substitution. Finally, all viruses tested, regardless of the CRF or subtype, are fully susceptible to T-20.
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PMID:Susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs of CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, and subtype C viruses from untreated patients of Africa and Asia: comparative genotypic and phenotypic data. 1662 40


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