Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Obstetrician-gynecologists and chemists analyzed data on midcycle cervical mucus samples from normally cycling women attending the infertility clinic at the University Hospital of South Manchester, England, to determine the ability of nonoxynol-9 to diffuse into the mucus, thereby testing its spermicidal activity. They used the double diffusion test. They compared diffusion depths of radiolabelled nonoxynol-9 at 120 minutes with those of D-glucose, an uncharged small molecule. They compared the depths of these 2 methods with those of controls containing Tyrode's solution. Migration of spermatozoa in 6 nonoxynol-9 rectangular capillaries was greater than the Tyrode controls, lower in 5 capillaries, and the same in 9 capillaries. Thus, no difference in spermatozoal penetration into midcycle cervical mucus existed between nonoxynol-9 and Tyrode's solution. Further, a 62% concentration of D-glucose was evident in the 1st 5 mm of the cervical mucus column at 2 hours and the concentration fell exponentially. The chemists cold still detect D-glucose at 30 mm at 2 hours. On the other hand, they detected nonoxynol-9 at a 6 times lower concentration than D-glucose in the 1st 5 mm at 2 hours, but could not detect it beyond 5 mm. This meant that, in vivo, only 10% of nonoxynol-9 would be in the interfacial zone of the cervical mucus and not at greater depths. If these results hold true, the ability of nonoxynol-9 to act as a contraceptive and a means to destroy HIV would be limited in the upper genital tract and the cervix. In conclusion, nonoxynol-9's spermicidal activity in midcycle cervical mucus is considerably lower than it is in free solution.
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PMID:Compatibility between the spermicide nonoxynol 9 and mid-cycle human cervical mucus. 133 87

The changing patterns of adolescent sexual behavior and changing conditions are described for the developing world, as well as reproductive health methodologies of the WHO in dealing with these changes. The lessons learned and future directions are also presented. Adolescence is viewed as a dynamic transition period. There are nonuniform changes in biological, physical, and social development. Sexuality is a fundamental quality of human life, which is important for health, happiness, individual development, and preservation of the human race. Health in a WHO definition is not just the absence of disease or infirmity. It is physical, mental, and social well being. The changes which have impact on sexuality are 1) the predominance (50%) of the world's population 25 years and predominance living in developing countries (33% or 1.5 billion are between 10-24 years and 80% are living in developing countries), 2) the plethora of youth living in unstructured and impoverished living conditions, 3) the communication explosion across cultural boundaries, and 4) the increase in travel, tourism, and migration. There are models, pressures, and opportunities for sexual contact. Nuclear families, single-parent families, and no families are replacing the extended multigenerational families of traditional societies. Puberty is coming earlier. The traditional patterns of marriage are described and contrasted with western youth with unparalleled freedom to make decisions. The pressures of early premarital intercourse are reflected in unwanted pregnancies, induced abortions, sexually transmitted diseases, and AIDS or HIV infection. Unsafe abortion has the increasing risk of septic abortions, illness, future infertility, and death. General trends in marriage in developed and developing countries are provided. The WHO use multiple approaches: the Narrative Research Approach, which involves adolescent workshops and role plays that are turned into questionnaires; the Grid Approach, which explores interdisciplinary stages of adolescent health; the Counseling Skills Training workshop which strengthens interpersonal communication skills; the Gatekeeper Design, which directs systematic questions to key policy makers who turn the questions to managers and administrators who do the same for service providers in order to make appropriate and effective policy changes the User/System Interaction model, which uses youth and service provider input to determine the suitability of services; and Drama, which is used to measure audience reaction. The involvement of youth in the process is an important lesson learned, and all who have contact with youth need the same set of information. Dialogue dispels the greatest enemy, fear.
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PMID:Changing patterns of adolescent sexual behavior: consequences for health and development. 139 Jul 84

A global overview of reproductive health outlines major challenges for action. Worldwide, 60 million to 80 million couples suffer from infertility. At the same time, there is a striking unmet need for contraception in developing countries. Unsafe abortion practices result in between 115,000 and 204,000 deaths each year. Female genital mutilation in one form or another continues to exist in around 40 countries. A second generation of organisms has now made sexually transmitted diseases the most common group of notifiable diseases in most countries. For the year 2000, it is projected that there will be a cumulative total of about 40 million HIV infections in men, women and children. About half a million women die each year because of complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. A total of about 15 million infants and children die annually, mostly from preventable childhood diseases. At least 17% of all babies in developing countries are born with a low birth weight.
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PMID:Reproductive health: a global overview. 139 66

While it has been accepted practice to screen women undergoing infertility evaluation for syphilis, there are few data in the literature regarding the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in infertile patients despite the increasing number of HIV-positive women. In the present study, six out of 2137 infertility patients were seropositive for syphilis (0.28%) and four out of 791 were HIV positive (0.5%). All four women with HIV antibodies had negative tests for syphilis and none of them related any risk factor for HIV infection on their initial visit. The 0.5% sero-positivity rate found in our study warrants routine HIV testing in infertile patients.
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PMID:Results of routine syphilitic and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology in infertility. 143 Jan 38

The US Department of Health and Human Service reported that 25% of sexuality active teenagers have had a sexually transmitted disease (STD). In school, youth are reported to have a lower STD prevalence of 4% based on Centers for Disease Control high school surveys. The seriousness of the problem is approached through discussion of the prevalence and health impact, the determinants (behavioral, social, biological, institutional), control strategies, and educational strategies. STD educational strategies can be effective only when part of a larger health education program (human sexuality and family life education) rather than including HIV infection instruction in a biology class. Populations particularly affected are young women and low income, urban minority youth. The adolescent risk of STDs is higher than in other age groups. Unfortunately severe consequences may involve reproductive health, i.e., tubal infertility from pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancies from, for instance, chlamydia and gonorrhea. Females suffer more damage than males, although more males die of AIDS. Behavioral factors are sexual behavior, drug use, and health care behavior. Psychological factors such as self-esteem and locus of control are associated with STD risk behavior. Sexual activity is possible earlier due to a decrease in the average age of menarche. Access to services is a critical factor in prevention. Effective intervention programs should take into account risk factors and adolescent development. Adolescent clinical services need to be improved through better diagnosis, treatment, and counseling; research and education are needed also. The goal of STD education is to provide adolescents with an increased self-sufficiency in practicing STD prevention and risk reduction. Programs must be sensitive to youth subcultures and include messages about HIV and AIDS. School and community programs are essential to reach all teenagers. The optimum conditions for controlling STDs are an improved social and economic environment, accessible and effective health clinics, and quality education.
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PMID:Adolescents and sexually transmitted diseases. 143 62

WHO has released its report on global reproductive health. The greatest development in reproductive health in the past few decades has been a significant growth in the use of contraceptives (9% of married women in 1965-70 to 50% in 1985-90). This expanded use of contraceptives has resulted in a considerable fertility decline. The total fertility rate (TFR) in developing countries has fallen from 6.1 in 1965-70 to 3.9 in 1985-90. The most popular contraceptive methods are, in order, female sterilization, IUD, oral contraceptives, condoms, and vasectomy. Had the global campaign to increase access to family planning (FP) services had been delayed just 10 years, there would have been more than 400 million more people on the planet than there are now. The TFR in the US took 58 years to fall from 6.5-3.5, while the same decrease took 27 years in Indonesia, 15 years in Colombia, 8 years in Thailand, and 7 years in China. East Asia has experienced the greatest fertility declines, while Africa has experienced the least. In East Asia, about 70% of couples use contraceptives, compared to 14% in Africa. About 95% of people in East Asia have access to FP services, while only 9% do in sub-Saharan Africa (60% for all developing countries). 36-53 million induced abortions occur annually (32-46/1000 women of reproductive age), indicating the high degree of unwanted pregnancies and unmet need for FP. 15-22 million of these abortions are illegal abortions. High abortion rates do not always reflect liberal abortion laws. The Netherlands has a very low abortion rate, yet it has a liberal abortion law. More than 60 million couples worldwide suffer from infertility. Pelvic infection caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), aseptic abortion, or delivery-related infection causes most cases of acquired infertility (36% in developed countries vs. 85% in Africa). At least 250 million new cases of STDs occur annually. As of early 1992, 2 million people suffered from AIDS and 10-12 million from HIV infections.
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PMID:Steep decline in world fertility rates: contraceptive use up sharply. 146 19

The worldwide resurgence of syphilis may have serious implications on neonatal morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of syphilis in men attending an infertility clinic. Blood samples from 782 males were screened using the titrated RPR and TPHA tests. If either of these tests was positive, FTA-ABs IgG was performed. The RPR was positive in 63 (8%) cases. In 24 (3%) patients the titer was 1:8 with positive TPHA and FTA-Abs IgG tests and these were regarded as current infections. Thirty-nine (4.9%) cases had RPR titers 1:8 with positive specific tests. These were probably patients either treated inadequately or in the early stage of primary syphilis. In addition, 92 (12%) patients were RPR negative but TPHA and FTA positive. This was evidence of previous exposure to syphilis. The overall seropositivity in this group was 20% (155 cases). Six hundred and twenty-seven (80%) tested negative with RPR and TPHA. Syphilis may still have a major impact on health in Southern Africa. Since syphilis is significantly associated with HIV seropositivity, efforts to prevent and control syphilis may also be important in limiting the spread of HIV.
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PMID:Syphilis serology in men attending the Andrology Clinic at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital. 148 10

The nurse Margaret Sanger started the 1st American contraception consultation in 1916 in Bronxville, N.Y. Today the Planned Parenthood Federation of America has 800 clinics in all states. A clinic in White Plains, N.Y., had 31,297 visits a year mostly from low-income people. Services consist of contraceptive and abortion counseling, abortion and infertility procedures, cancer tests with colposcopy and breast examination, and tests concerning sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection. An adolescent pregnancy impact program helps future mothers ages 13-21 with the Lamaze method, health and diet, delivery, child development, family planning (FP), and life style. Abortion figures in New York State in 1989 showed that among white women ages 15-19 there were 49 abortions and 29 births/89 pregnancies, while among nonwhites with identical parameters there were 120 abortions and 77 births/225 pregnancies. Overall 11% of this age group give birth every year and about 5% get an abortion. The Supreme Court decision in the case of Roe v. Wade in 1973 gave women the right to abortion during the 1st trimester. That same year the National Right to Life Committee was formed with the goal of reimposing the ban on abortions. In 1977 the Supreme Court ruled that states did not have to pay for voluntary abortions. Each state determines whether a minor has to inform her parents. From 1985 there have been 22 bomb and arson attempts, 42 cases of vandalism, 2 break-ins, 1 bomb attack against a car, 15 death threats, and 7 instances of maltreatment of FP and abortion clinic staff. In 1989 states were allowed to restrict the right to abortion. In 1991 Utah banned abortion except for incest, rape, and risk to the mother's health. Other states also plan to change their abortion laws.
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PMID:[Family planning in New York]. 176 59

In 1988, a study was started in three Amsterdam hospitals to investigate the HIV prevalence among pregnant women. In 1989 more hospitals and also midwife clinics were included in the study. From 1990 onwards all hospitals in Amsterdam, 22 midwife practices, 2 abortion clinics and 3 clinics for infertility problems participated. The study was carried out on a voluntary basis. Of the 8423 eligible pregnant women in 1990, 7823 women (92.9%) participated and 600 women (7.1%) decided not to participate. Eight women were found to be positive for HIV antibodies (0.10%, 95% CI 0.09-0.11) (1988: 0.28%; 1989: 0.10%). Of these 8 HIV-seropositive women 5 belonged to one of the known AIDS risk groups and 3 women were not aware of any risk-bearing behaviour. Of the 5 women from an AIDS risk group 2 denied a risk factor at their first visit to the clinic. One of the 8 women was positive for antibodies against HIV-2. Among the 719 women tested in the abortion clinics (23.3% refusers) 3 women were positive for antibodies against HIV-2 and I woman against HIV-I (prevalence 0.56%; 95% CI 0.52-0.59). Of the 476 women tested in the clinics for infertility problems no women were found positive for HIV antibodies. During the period 1988-1990, a total of 19 women were found HIV-seropositive in the screening program for pregnant women. Of the 13 women tested within the first 20 weeks of pregnancy 4 women decided to terminate their pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Results of screening for HIV antibodies in pregnant women, clients of infertility clinics and abortion clinics in the Amsterdam region in 1990]. 194 89

This overview provides a discussion of the special concerns of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) for women, particularly because of its asymptomatic character; screening; primary prevention; e.g., abstinence, selection of sexual partners restriction of sexual activities, use of barriers (condoms, vaginal spermicides, diaphragm in conjunction with spermicides), and vaccines; and the role of the gynecologist in StD prevention. Gonorrhea and chlamydial infection are usually asymptomatic STD infections in women; long term sequelae are pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and pregnancy complications. There is an increased risk of cervical cancer. Infection is lifelong for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HIV and malingering for chronic hepatitis B (HPB). Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) and HSV infections cannot be identified serologically. The fetus can be fatally or severely affected by STDs. Abstinence is the only effective prevention for STDs. Likelihood of infection may be reduced by limiting partners, but how partners are chosen and knowledge of infection is a more important determinant. Partners need to be asked about current symptoms, history of STDs, multiple partners, and history of known STD partners, as well as past history of homosexual activity, intravenous drug use, hemophilia, and previous exposure to high-risk persons for STDs. Visible genital warts or lesions, wartlike growths, ulcers, or rash need explanations. Avoidance of oral anal and digital anal activity reduces transmission of hepatitis A, giardiasis, amebiasis, and shigellosis. Any mechanical barrier that remains intact should reduce the risk of STD; barriers specifically covering the cervix are excellent. Condom use is effective when used as follows: 1) at the onset of sexual activity, 2) without petroleum jelly or baby oil on latex, 3) with care of fingernails which may tear holes, 4) with complete withdrawal of the penis before complete detumescence, and 5) with a withdrawal hold at the base of the penis. Spermicides, such as nonoxynol 9, are effective against STDs. Diaphragm use with spermicide may be effective because of the spermicide. There is a reduced risk of transmission of HSV or HPV to a partner. Vaccines are only available for hepatitis B. Obstetrics and gynecology residency training in STDs in unavailable in 4 out of 5 medical schools, and gynecologists are ethically obligated to accurately inform about STD diagnosis, treatment, and diagnosis.
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PMID:Avoiding sexually transmitted diseases. 209 42


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