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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infection with human retroviruses other than HIV in Spain has only been reported in isolated cases in African immigrants and intravenous drug abusers infected with HTLV-I. The status of the prostitute population is unknown. The sera of 88 prostitutes in Seville were therefore tested for HIV, HTLV-I and HTLV-II, and relevant epidemiological data were collected on the health status, sexual practices etc. In the prostitute population studied 2.5% of the non-intravenous drug abusers and 20% of the intravenous drug abusers were positive for HIV. However, infection with HTLV-I/II could not be demonstrated in any of them.
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PMID:Absence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection in prostitutes in the area of Seville, Spain. 181 Jul 36

The antiretroviral activity, tolerance and toxicity of two different antiviral drug combinations were assessed and compared in a randomized, crossover pilot study in 16 HIV-1 p24 antigenaemic subjects with asymptomatic HIV infection. Oral zidovudine 250 mg twice daily was combined with either oral acyclovir 800 mg twice daily or lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha 1.5 x 10(6) IU administered subcutaneously three times weekly. The 12-week treatment period was followed by a 4-week washout period and a further 12-week crossover phase. During the entire treatment period a decline in p24 antigen was observed in all patients. No significant differences were found between the two treatment regimens. No patient showed clinical progression of HIV infection. Three patients were withdrawn from the study, one due to serious anaemia and two due to severe clinical adverse events. Long-term efficacy and tolerance data in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients with these regimens would be valuable.
Infection
PMID:Low-dose zidovudine in combination with either acyclovir or lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients: a pilot study. 181 9

Efficacy of antiretroviral treatment is evaluated usually according to reduction of serious events (e.g. opportunistic infections while on therapy) and improvement of survival time. In stages of asymptomatic disease treatment trials have to cover very long time periods to fulfil these requirements. In asymptomatic stages, when viremia is commonly absent, monitoring the host's immune response is an indirect means of measuring antiviral efficacy. CD4+ lymphocyte counts are generally accepted as surrogate in all major trials. The subsets of the CD8+ compartment reflect early and late activation and cytotoxic immune response. CD38+, CD57, CD8+ HLA/DR+ subsets reflect the host's vigorous cellular immune response even in early stages. These subsets are candidate surrogate markers in early and late stages of HIV infection. On the other hand, CD3+ CD4- CD8-, CD19/20 (B lymphocytes) and CD16+ (natural killer cells) do not exhibit any properties of candidate surrogate markers. Established and experimental cellular surrogate markers are discussed including own data and a review of the literature.
Infection 1991
PMID:Lymphocyte subsets as surrogate markers in antiretroviral therapy. 182 74

Incubation of the human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-IIIB and HTLV-RF strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with normal seronegative human serum under conditions that allow complement activation resulted in enhancement of infection of the MT2 human T cell line cultured in the presence of low amounts of virus. Infection of MT2 cells was assessed by measuring reverse transcriptase activity in supernatants at day 9 of culture. Complement activation by viral suspensions occurred through the alternative pathway. Opsonization of HTLV-RF viral particles with complement was sufficient to allow a productive infection to occur in cells exposed to suboptimal amounts of virus. Infection of MT2 cells with suboptimal amounts of serum-opsonized HIV-1 was suppressed by blocking the C3dg receptor (CR2, CD21) on MT2 cells with monoclonal anti-CR2 antibody and rabbit F(ab')2 anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies. Blocking of the gp120-binding site on CD4 under similar experimental conditions had no inhibitory effect on infection of MT2 cells with opsonized virus. Opsonization of HIV-1 with seronegative serum also resulted in a CR2-mediated enhancement of the infection of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T lymphocytes. These results indicate that complement in the absence of antibody may enhance infection of C3 receptor-bearing T cells with HIV-1, and that the interaction of opsonized virus with the CR2 receptor may result by itself in the infection of target T cells in a CD4- and antibody-independent fashion.
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PMID:Complement mediates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of a human T cell line in a CD4- and antibody-independent fashion. 182 39

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) complexed with human anti-HIV IgG can attach to Fc gamma receptors (Fch) of mononuclear phagocytes. To determine whether the FcR-mediated infection that results also requires interaction between HIV gp120 and cell membrane CD4, monocytic cells of the U937 line were transiently treated with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) so that they temporarily presented a CD4-FcR+ phenotype at the time of HIV infection. HIV production was not abolished, but only significantly delayed after infection of these cells with free virus. Leu3a monoclonal antibody or soluble recombinant CD4 completely blocked this delayed infection. This indicates that enough CD4 still remained at the membrane to allow infection of a reduced cell number. Infection of PDB-treated cells with virus preincubated with high anti-HIV IgG concentrations was inhibited, contrasting with what was observed with control cells infected under the same conditions. Inhibition of infection was also observed when HIV became attached to untreated U937 cells through the binding of CD4-IgG hybrid molecules to FcR. Thus, the binding of IgG-coated virus to FcR is not sufficient in itself to elicit productive infection of monocytic cells, which still requires the interaction of viral gp120 and membrane CD4.
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PMID:Infection of monocytic cells by HIV1: combined role of FcR and CD4. 183 82

The magnitude and scope of the HIV/AIDS epidemic are increasing in Africa. In Central and East Africa, the first regions of Africa to identify AIDS as a major problem, HIV infection is not limited to individuals in formerly identified high-risk groups. Infection is instead spreading from such groups to and through the general population. HIV infection is also emerging as a threat in regions of Africa previously thought to be relatively unaffected. As such, the World Health Organization estimates that AIDS will add more than 40% to annual death rates for adults aged 15-49 years in sub-Saharan Africa by the mid-1990s, and will reverse declining trends in both child and adult mortality rates. AIDS in Africa affects entire families and communities. More than any other disease, heterosexually-transmitted AIDS is critically influenced by changing African family patterns and structures. The family in Africa has traditionally been the major structure responsible for caring for individual health and well-being given the dearth of effective government social welfare systems to provide support. The widespread AIDS-related morbidity and mortality, however, are threatening the integrity and viability of African families in many AIDS-affected areas. Moreover, the stigma associated with AIDS often isolates family units as they try to cope with an AIDS-affected family member. This article discusses the relationships between familial economic pressures, women's status, and HIV transmission; describes the direct and indirect effects of AIDS on children in African families; and calls for a community-based approach to combatting AIDS.
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PMID:The African family and AIDS: a current look at the epidemic. 184 56

AIDS cases are officially reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Program on AIDS (GPA) in Geneva, Switzerland, from member states via WHO's regional offices. This paper presents regional estimates of HIV/AIDS. Estimates of the annual number of AIDS cases which may have occurred were derived from the use of an AIDS estimation and short-term projection model developed by WHO. Estimates of HIV seroprevalence are based upon then available HIV serological data. For developed countries, HIV estimates developed by national experts and/or national AIDS programs were used, while estimates by regional experts were used for Latin America and the Caribbean. An extensive HIV information database, comprised of data from approximately 1000 published and unpublished reports of HIV serological surveys and studies, was used to estimate the HIV prevalence in African countries. For Asian and Pacific countries, an HIV database compiled by WHO was used. As of the end of 1991, 446,681 cases of AIDS had been reported to WHO/GPA. WHO, however, estimates 1,475,000 cumulative adult AIDS cases for the same period. The cumulative number of reported and estimated adult AIDS cases are reported, respectively, as follows: 129,066 actual and 970,000 estimated cases for Africa; 208,089 and 260,000 for North America; 44,888 and 145,000 for Latin America; 60,195 and 85,000 for Europe; 1254 and 10,000 for Asia; and 3189 and 5000 for Oceania. The highest estimated prevalence of HIV infections is in sub-Saharan Africa where more than 6 million adults may have been infected. Approximately one million HIV infections are estimated to have occurred in North America, more than one million in Latin America and the Caribbean, 500,000 in Western Europe, and more than one million in South and Southeast Asia. Most other areas are believed to have relatively low levels of HIV infection as of the end of 1991. The estimated male-to-female proportion of infected adults is almost equal or rapidly becoming so in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, while an higher male-to-female proportion continues to exist in North America and Western Europe, although the proportion of new HIV infections is slowly approaching one-to-one as heterosexual transmission increases in regional countries. In North America and Western Europe, the annual incidence of HIV infections is believed to have peaked during the first half of the 1980s. The annual incidence of HIV infection in the US since the mid-1980s is estimated to be 50,000. Annual incidence is believed to be increasing in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. In Asia, extensive HIV transmission has been documented in only a few countries in South and Southeast Asia, such as India and Thailand, starting in the late 1980s. Infection has spread rapidly since then.
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PMID:Global estimates of HIV infections and AIDS cases: 1991. 184 61

HIV type 1 and 2 isolates derived from brain and blood of infected individuals were used to infect astrocytic cells of tumor origin. Infection was monitored by polymerase chain reaction. The majority of the isolates infected the glioma cells, independently of the source of isolation. Added to the fact that the majority of primary HIV isolates infect cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, these results indicate that primary blood and brain HIV strains have similar target cells. The production of virus from infected astrocytes was detected only upon infection with two macrophage-adapted strains. Also in this case, the number of infected cells was very low and only one in 5000 cells carried the proviral HIV genome.
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PMID:Brain-derived cells can be infected with HIV isolates derived from both blood and brain. 185 81

In the present report, we have studied the in vitro transition of normal blood monocytes to macrophages by changes in cell morphology, and the expression of surface antigens with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. The maturation process was accompanied by notable changes in cell-surface markers in a time-dependent manner. The percentage of cells expressing CD11c, ICAM-1, HLA-DR, and Fc receptor class III increased while the CD4 and CD35 expression was markedly decreased. After demonstrating that in vitro monocytes mature to macrophages in a recognizable manner, we studied the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection at time points representing different stages of cell maturation. The results show that monocyte/macrophages are susceptible to HIV-1 infection at all stages of differentiation. However, the kinetics of virus replication depends on the degree of maturation at the time of infection. Two major patterns of replication were observed: Infection of monocytes resulted in efficient virus production measurable by reverse transcriptase activity in culture supernatant, whereas infection of fully differentiated macrophages yielded low but sustained virus release only demonstrable by p24 antigen assay. We were not able to detect differences in the capacity of the virus to infect and replicate in monocyte/macrophages with respect to cellular origin of the virus isolate and whether the viruses were laboratory-adapted strains or low-passaged patient isolates.
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PMID:In vitro maturation of mononuclear phagocytes and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. 185 87

Bronchoalveolar washout was performed in 130 patients with pneumonia during a period of 28 months. Microbiological investigation involved common bacteria, Legionella, fungi, viruses (Cytomegalovirus, herpes, RSV), Mycobacterium, and Pneumocystis carinii. Infection HIV was present in 75% of patients. The remaining patients had malignant diseases or severe pneumonia. The overall sensitivity of the technique was 65.4% and the positive predictive value was 92%. The technique was less sensitive in cases of bacterial pneumonia (sensitivity = 34.4%). This was attributed to the fact that 82.8% of these cases received antibiotic therapy. Pneumocystis carinii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were the most common agents (44.8% and 34.5%, respectively). In seven instances the clinical picture was related to cytomegalovirus, although this diagnosis can not be easily done.
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PMID:[Evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage in the microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia in patients at risk]. 186 7


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