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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With the objective of determining if specific sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are associated with prematurity (birth weight less than or equal to 2500 g and gestational age less than or equal to 36 weeks), a case-control study was conducted to evaluate women for serologic evidence of syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus infection and microbiologic evidence of cervical infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Haemophilus species and vaginal infection with genital mycoplasma, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Enterobacteriaceae. Gram stains of vaginal secretions were evaluated for bacterial vaginosis. Among 166 cases and 175 controls, infection with N. gonorrhoeae was associated with preterm birth. Four percent of controls and 11% of cases were infected with N. gonorrhoeae (odds ratio 2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.2-7.2). This association was independent of age, rupture of membranes, and hypertension. Other STDs were not associated with preterm birth. The attributable risk of gonococcal infection was 14%. Gonococcal infection appears to be responsible for a substantial proportion of premature births and is theoretically preventable by antenatal case detection and treatment.
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PMID:Maternal gonococcal infection as a preventable risk factor for low birth weight. 231 31

Heart disease and stroke have been the first and third leading causes of death, respectively, in the United States for many years, and the importance of primary and secondary prevention in reducing morbidity and mortality from these two disease entities has been well established. Additional confirmatory information continues to accumulate, but it is accepted that hypertension, smoking, and serum lipids are important risk factors in coronary heart disease and stroke. Although this discussion deals primarily with cardiovascular disease, many of the issues related to prevention and medical education are generic and are equally relevant to the prevention of other diseases, including HIV infection. Moreover, the way in which medical education approaches preventive cardiology is likely to be similar to the way in which prevention issues are approached in general.
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PMID:Perspectives on prevention and medical education for the 1990s. 238 7

Magnetic resonance (MR) scans were performed as part of a prospective neuropsychological study within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Fifty HIV-1-seronegative men, 85 HIV-1-seropositive men without constitutional symptoms, and 14 with symptomatic HIV disease underwent MR imaging using a uniform protocol. Scans were rated by neuroradiologists blinded to all clinical details except age. The majority of MR scans were normal in all of the clinical groups and no covert mass lesions or diffuse white matter abnormalities were identified. Focal hyperintensities in the white matter were observed in 24% of the HIV-1 seronegatives, 26% of HIV-1 asymptomatic seropositives (CDC II/III), and 17% of those with ARC/AIDS. No significant associations were noted between the white matter hyperintensities and HIV-1 serostatus, neurological abnormalities, CD4 count, alcohol or drug use, hypertension, or smoking. In one individual classified with early HIV-1 dementia, MR demonstrated several hyperintensities in the deep parietal white matter, but at autopsy no microscopic abnormalities corresponding to the MR findings were identified. Our studies imply that focal white matter hyperintensities identified on MR are not specific for HIV-1 infection and are probably incidental and of no clinical significance.
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PMID:Incidental white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging in HIV-1 infection. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. 240 15

Careful design of studies is crucial for meaningful progress in this area of inquiry. Along with systematic evaluation of immunologic factors, clear understanding of antecedent factors is also important. Age, sex, and other sociodemographic factors might play a major role in how an individual reacts to a given situation when compared with another individual. Assessment of the impact of these factors on the immune system might be further complicated by immunosuppressive viruses like HIV or by the use of many common medications such as beta-blockers for hypertension (Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 1988). Longitudinal studies are needed to understand the process of change and the dynamic patterning of psychosocial and immunologic relationships over time. Additionally, use of multimodal measures to assess psychological events such as stress is imperative (Baum, Grunberg, & Singer, 1982). It will not serve our understanding of psychological influences on the immune system to jump to the conclusion that an event is "stressful" because it seems as if it should be. Finally, establishing a "core" battery of widely accepted immune tests will be important in establishing comparability across studies. The standardization and acceptance of specific biochemical measures will facilitate the infusion of talented clinical and basic scientists into the area of psychoneuroimmunology.
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PMID:Issues in psychoneuroimmunology research. 270 Mar 46

The existence of an HIV-related nephropathy as a distinct disease entity is controversial. We observed a high incidence of renal disease in our AIDS patients. Of 182 patients, 59 patients (32.4%) were found to have heavy proteinuria (greater than 2 g/24 h). Of these, 24 patients had slow progression of renal insufficiency and 2 patients had rapid deterioration to end stage renal disease. There was a notable absence of hypertension in these cases. The incidence of proteinuria was similar in blacks and hispanics; however 22.8% of blacks had renal insufficiency as compared to 6.9% of hispanics. There was no difference in the incidence of heavy proteinuria between intravenous drug abusers (32.3%) and nonabusers (33.3%). Renal morphology when examined showed characteristic changes, including cytomembranous structures and virus-like particles. These changes were similar in patients with heavy or light proteinuria, though they were less severe in the latter. We conclude that a HIV-related nephropathy exist and the presence of cytomembranous structures and virus-like particles in the renal tissue raises the possibility of a viral etiology for this disorder.
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PMID:Evidence for an HIV-related nephropathy: a clinico-pathological study. 291 6

Cyclosporin (7.5 mg/kg daily) was given to 8 AIDS patients for 17-66 days and to 25 HIV-seropositive non-AIDS patients, 15 with stage II (T4 cells/microliter greater than or equal to 300, less than 600) and 10 with stage III (T4/microliter less than 300), for 3-6 months with the hypothesis that the drug could inhibit both HIV replication and the potential autoimmune component of HIV disease. A sustained increase over 600 T4/microliter occurred in 7 patients with stage II and 1 with stage III. T8 cells significantly decreased in most patients and lymphadenopathy disappeared in 14/16. After cyclosporin withdrawal T4 and T8 cells as well as lymphadenopathy returned to pretreatment status. Cyclosporin side effects (hypertension, creatinine increase, and anemia) were moderate and reversible. These results might stimulate biological research as well as clinical trials with cyclosporin in selected groups of HIV-seropositive subjects with the aim of delaying or preventing AIDS occurrence.
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PMID:Effects of cyclosporin on T-cell subsets in human immunodeficiency virus disease. 325 11

Human anti-CD4 IgG antibodies from 3 HIV-1-infected patients were affinity purified and shown to inhibit HIV-1 binding and infection of HBP-T cells. Lymphocytes from patient A, whose anti-CD4 inhibited HIV-1 binding by 68% and infection by 72%, were cultured and transformed with EBV. A human monoclonal antiidiotype antibody against anti-HIV-1 gp120 (2B) was produced, which inhibited infection of HBP-T cells by 68% at 1 microgram/ml. Mice were immunized with 2B to determine whether this anti-CD4 could be an internal image antiidiotype against anti-HIV-1 gp 120 (Ab1). Two mice produced antisera reactive with rgp120 on ELISA, whereas immunization with normal IgG produced minimal reactivity compared to unreactive normal mouse sera. However, immunoblot competition studies in which affinity-purified anti-HIV-1 gp120 (Ab1) bound to the gp120 band on nitrocellulose strips in the presence of 2B demonstrated enhancement of signal (i.e., binding of Ab2 to Ab1), rather than inhibition of Ab1 binding. Thus 2B is not an internal image of the paratope of anti-HIV-1 gp120 but yet it is capable of inducing an antibody against rgp120. This indicates that the anti-CD4 (Ab2) does bind to the binding site of Ab1, but not as a complete internal image. These data indicate the production of a human monoclonal antiidiotype antibody that inhibits binding of HIV-1 to CD4 and induces the production of antibody against HIV-1 gp120, without being an internal image antiidiotype (Ab2 beta).
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PMID:Production of a human anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody with antiidiotype to anti-HIV type 1 glycoprotein 120. 763 65

A certain number of HIV-infected patients (about 17% in our series) manifest symptoms of cortisol resistance--weakness, weight loss, hypertension, chronic fatigue and intense mucocutaneous melanosis--symptoms which are also typical of Addison's disease. The diagnosis of cortisol resistance is determined through the increased plasma and urinary cortisol values and limited increases in ACTH values. Compared with patients with primary glucocorticoid resistance, AIDS patients have no symptoms of mineral-corticoid or androgen excess, only of glucocorticoid deficiency at target tissues. Mononuclear leukocytes from these patients show receptor changes which consist of an increased receptor number and decreased receptor affinity for glucocorticoids. They also show defective glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation. Glucocorticoid-resistant AIDS patients have a characteristic persistent increase in interferon-alpha production. The inverse correlation between plasma values of interferon-alpha and the receptor affinity for glucocorticoids clearly suggests that interferon production is regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor: the smaller the glucocorticoid effect on lymphocyte cells is, the greater interferon production is. Owing to the antiviral effect of interferon-alpha, it is possible that glucocorticoid-resistant AIDS patients have greater defences against viral infection than other AIDS patients. As interferon-alpha is melanogenetic, its increased production may also explain the intense skin pigmentation found in patients with the glucocorticoid-resistance syndrome.
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PMID:The syndrome of acquired glucocorticoid resistance in HIV infection. 781 Dec 21

Forty patients (34 males and 6 females) with neurological complaints/manifestations and with a past history of multiple sexual partners attending the Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, India between April 1992 and October 1992 were investigated for neurosyphilis. Metabolic disorders, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, arrhythmias and trauma were excluded. Seven males (17.5%) were found to have neurosyphilis. The youngest was 26 years old and the oldest was 47. All were married and of low socioeconomic background. Meningovascular syphilis was the predominant presentation (6:1). Associated cardiovascular involvement was noticed in one of the cases. There was no associated HIV infection in these cases. The incidence is higher than previous reports from this centre.
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PMID:Prevalence of neurosyphilis at Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, India. 794 62

Analysis of pediatric AIDS surveillance revealed that 395 cases of pediatrics AIDS have been registered in Spain until the end of 1992. This accounts for about 3% of all cases of AIDS, a percentage higher than the cumulative pediatric percentage of 2% observed in USA and the rest of Europe. Although renal diseases is not considered a common clinical manifestation of AIDS, approximately 10% of the adults and 7% of pediatric AIDS patients are affected. To assess the situation of childhood HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) in Spain, a survey of Spanish divisions of Pediatric Nephrology was undertaken in 1990. Three children with renal disease were identified. To know the actual prevalence of renal disease in HIV-infected children two years later, a new survey to 15 Spanish hospitals with divisions in Pediatric Nephrology was performed. The questionnaire included a retrospective analysis of their experience with HIV infected children and renal manifestations. The fourteen centers (93%) that responded to the questionnaire controlled 694 HIV-infected children (Class P-O: 454, Class P-1: 98, Class P-2: 142). Ten of them had screening program to detect renal disease in HIV infected children since 1989. Only two centers reported two new cases, one each, with clinical manifestations of HIV infection and renal disease, but without histologic confirmation one of them. They were two white girls, 24 and 2 months old respectively with proteinuria but without hematuria, chronic renal failure neither hypertension. Both patients died from infectious cause eleven months after and at the time of diagnosis respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[HIV-related nephropathy in children: the situation in Spain]. 816 1


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