Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened a group of consultants to study the link between genital herpes (HSV-2) and HIV. There are high numbers of herpes cases reported in the United States, and accurate, type-specific assays are now available to determine whether asymptomatic people are virus carriers. The prevalence of HSV-2 in the HIV epidemic is thought to be greatest among heterosexuals, with infected persons being twice as likely to acquire HIV. The CDC is urged to continue its efforts to address the issues related to herpes prevention and treatment and set a research agenda that will answer many of the questions raised.
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PMID:CDC studies link between herpes and HIV prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1136 90

The Rakai STD Control for AIDS Prevention Study, which was started in 1994, indicates that treating curable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) will not have an effect on HIV incidence. In fact, HIV infection rates increased slightly for the intervention and comparison groups during the study period. The study was conducted in 56 villages in Uganda, where 16 percent of the population is infected with HIV. These study results conflict with the more positive results obtained from a similar study conducted in 1995 in Tanzania. At the time, however, Tanzania was in a much earlier phase of the HIV epidemic than Rakai was in 1994. More studies are needed in regions where the epidemic is beginning, to determine the role of STD control in preventing HIV transmission during different phases of the epidemic. There should also be studies to determine the importance of genital herpes and bacterial vaginosis in HIV transmission.
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PMID:Mass treatment for STDs has mixed results: some STD rates fall, but HIV incidence remains unchanged. 1136 26

An Indianapolis man, [name removed], was sentenced to 6 years in jail for failing to warn his ex-girlfriend of his HIV status before they had unprotected sex. The penalty was the maximum allowed. The couple=s relationship ended after she discovered HIV and genital herpes medications in his apartment. She has since tested negative for HIV. [Name removed] also faces trial in Merion County for failing to warn two other women.
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PMID:Criminal exposure. 1136 46

In industrialised countries, there has been a drastic decrease in the number of reported cases of syphilis, gonorrhoea, and tropical sexually transmitted diseases (STD) since the introduction of antibiotics in the 1950s, whereas among the general population of non-industrialised countries, the number of cases of these diseases has remained extremely high. The World Health Organization has estimated that, worldwide, 333,000,000 new cases of curable STD occur every year and that 90% of these cases come from non-industrialised countries. Moreover, viral STD, such as genital herpes, condyloma, hepatitis B infection, and HIV-1 infection, represent an even greater problem in that they are not curable. STD are also a cause of serious complications in the genital and reproductive tracts of both genders, and curing these complications requires substantial economic resources.
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PMID:[Classic and emerging sexually transmitted diseases in industrialized countries and in developing countries]. 1136 15

Infectious agents which are sexually transmitted determine considerable morbidity in women during the gestational period. Connatal and perinatal infection of the newborn, miscarriage, and low birthweight have all been described. Vertical transmission of HIV and other STD may occur via the placenta during gestation (the major mechanism for syphilis) or at birth during the passage through the cervico-vaginal channel (the major mechanism for HIV, HBV, HSV, gonorrhoea and chlamydia). High serum viral loads of HIV significantly increase the likelihood of newborn infection, while the presence of lesions in the genital tract at birth increases the odd for transmission for HSV. Breast feeding is a well described route of transmission for HIV infection, but it is irrelevant to the transmission of HBV. Cutaneous lesions of the breast and nipples carry a risk of transmission of syphilis and HSV through breast-feeding. Treatment of the etiologic agent is considered an effective means for the prevention of vertical transmission and is recommended for all STI agents except for HBV. HIV infected women on antiretroviral therapy should continue the same treatment regimen if they become pregnant (with the exception of indinavir and efavirenz, which should be replaced as soon as possible); women who did not assume antiretroviral drugs at the time they became pregnant, should start treatment as soon as they reach the second trimester of gestation. Delivery should be performed by elective cesarian section in all HIV infected women. Delivery should also be performed by cesarian section in women who develop a primary HSV infection and have cervico-vaginal lesions. Recurrent episodes of genital herpes are associated to a much lower risk of vertical transmission and do not represent a criterium for cesarian section. Women with documented cervical chlamydia infection should receive a full treatment regimen at the 36th week of gestation. Women with chronic HBV infection do not require etiologic treatment; however, their newborns should receive concomitant doses of HBV immunoglobulins and HBV vaccine soon after birth. Standard practices of prevention of vertical transmission of STI agents applies to women regardless their native country. However, the feasibility of implementation of the guidelines in poor resource countries is a matter of great concern: an unresolved debate is ongoing on optimal strategies for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV in such countries.
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PMID:[Vertical trasmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STI)]. 1139 90

A total of 100 patients giving histories suggestive of sexually transmitted disease (STDs) and attending the dermatology OPD at BPKIHS (B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences) in Nepal over a period of one year from 1st July 1999 to 30th June 2000 were included in this study. Out of 10,400 new dermatology cases, a total of 100 cases (0.96%) of STDs were seen. Of these 73 were males, and the majority (53%) were in the age group of 21-30 years. Most of the patients were from Sunsari district (54%). The most common profession (21%) was businessman followed by housewife (19%). The most common age for first sexual contact was 16 to 19 years (45%). Eleven percent had their first sexual contact at the age of 15 or below 15 years. Premarital sexual exposure was recorded in 17% of the unmarried males. There were only 3 homosexuals and 1 bisexual patient. Multiple contacts were recorded in 55% of the patients. The most common source of contact was a commercial sex worker in 34.15%. Condoms were always used by only 7%. The various types of sexually trasmitted diseases (STDs) were syphilis (31%) followed by condylomata acuminata (16%), herpes genitalis (15%), gonorrhoea (9%), and mixed infections (12%). Despite their varied sexual behavior, none of the patients were HIV positive; however, it is always advisable to screen all STD patients for HIV antibody.
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PMID:Sexual habits and clinico-etiological profile of sexually transmitted diseases in Nepal. 1151 May 2

Genital herpes simplex and herpes zoster infections are common afflictions that are associated with significant morbidity and a decreased quality of life. Famciclovir (Famvir, Novartis) is an orally administered prodrug of the antiviral agent penciclovir. Its unique pharmacokinetic profile makes it an efficacious, convenient and well-tolerated alternative to the traditionally prescribed acyclovir. Famciclovir is used for the acute treatment and suppressive therapy of recurrent genital herpes as well as for herpes zoster and its debilitating comorbidities. Famiciclovir allows patients to manage or prevent symptoms, thereby significantly improving their quality of life. Its favorable safety profile makes it a good treatment choice for the elderly as well as for immunocompromised patients, including those infected with HIV.
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PMID:Famiciclovir therapy (famvir) for herpes simplex and herpes zoster infections. 1175 35

A 46-year-old man with HIV infection and AIDS presented with a large perianal ulcerated vegetative lesion that developed over a 1-year period. He had a past history of recurrent genital herpes infection, treated successfully each time with acyclovir. The perianal lesion developed while he was taking prophylactic acyclovir. Clinically, there were features suspicious of a carcinoma and a biopsy was reported as showing dysplasia. Therefore, the lesion was resected in its entirety. Histologically, there were prominent pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia and chronic ulceration associated with herpesvirus infection. There was no evidence of dysplasia or malignancy. It is important to be aware of chronic vegetant herpesvirus infection, as clinical appearances are unusual and some methods of identification, such as smears or biopsy, may not be sufficient for diagnosis. Viral culture or PCR may need to be performed for a definite diagnosis to alleviate prolonged discomfort and avoid unnecessary radical surgery.
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PMID:Atypical presentation of herpes simplex (chronic hypertrophic herpes) in a patient with HIV infection. 1182 27

Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2) are two of the major opportunistic agents involved in the pathogenesis of AIDS, which is caused by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). A body of evidence suggests that they can also act as co-factors by interacting with HIV-1, thereby influencing disease progression. Indeed, the HIV-1 life cycle can be affected by HSV at different levels of interaction, both in vitro and in vivo: (i) transactivation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat can be mediated, probably through different pathways, by HSV-1-infected cell protein (ICP)0, ICP4, ICP27 and US11 gene products; the HSV-1 transactivator viral protein 16 is not able to transactivate the long terminal repeat; (ii) cytokine release and antigen presentation from HSV-infected cells are both able to stimulate HIV-1 expression; (iii) Pseudotyping of the HIV-1 core particle with HSV-1 envelope glycoproteins can expand HIV-1 tropism to new cell types. Moreover, in vivo studies report that aciclovir treatment can produce a survival benefit in HIV-1-infected patients and that recurrent genital herpes appears to be linked to HIV-1 transmission by both boosting plasma retroviral load and providing a portal of entry and exit for HIV-1.
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PMID:Molecular basis of the interactions between herpes simplex viruses and HIV-1. 1186 19

Genital herpes, which was considered to be a minor sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the past in developing countries, is rapidly increasing; in contrast, bacterial STDs are declining. This changing trend of various STDs prompted us to analyze our data retrospectively to see whether a similar change is occurring in this part of India as well. The records of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) clinic attendees from January 1977 to December 2000 were analyzed. The demographic profile of patients with genital herpes was also considered for analysis. STDs were diagnosed clinically and by appropriate laboratory tests wherever applicable. VDRL test was done in all patients, and HIV antibody detection was performed from 1987 onwards. The incidences of chancroid, donovanosis, and gonorrhea were 12.2%, 6.3%, and 16.9%, respectively, from January 1977 to December 1985. The figures for the same decreased to 2.5%, 0.9%, and 2.3%, respectively, from January 1993 to December 2000. The decreasing incidence of the above bacterial STDs is statistically significant (p<0.001). However, there was an approximately two-fold increase in the incidence of genital herpes in recent years (20.5%) in comparison to the figures from the late 70s (11.4%). Molluscum contagiosum also showed an upward trend (1% in 1977-85 vs. 9.8% in 1993-2000). Condylomata accuminata remained almost unchanged (21.4% in 1977-85 vs. 20% in 1993-2000). To conclude, a significant increase in the number of viral STDs and a decline in the bacterial diseases were observed in recent years in comparison to the figures from the late 70s. This may be due to awareness of HIV, success of control programs, syndromic management of STDs, and adoption of safer sexual practices, which prevent bacterial STDs more efficiently than viral ones.
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PMID:Rising incidence of genital herpes over two decades in a sexually transmitted disease clinic in north India. 1189 Feb 99


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