Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Much has been learned in the last decade about the epidemiology of genital herpes infections, including new information about seroprevalence and the risk of transmission of genital herpes to sex partners and at delivery. Unfortunately, the type-specific serologic assays now routinely used in these studies are not widely available, and commercially available assays that claim to be type-specific are not. Thus, most clinicians still do not have access to reliable type-specific assays. In cross-sectional seroprevalence studies, detection of HSV-2 antibody is positively associated with increasing age, lower levels of income or education, increased numbers of sexual partners, black or Hispanic race, female gender, male homosexual activity, and HIV infection. In addition, studies cited in this review have clarified the clinical spectrum of genital herpes infection in persons who have transmitted genital herpes to a sex partner, have shed virus asymptomatically, or are found to have HSV-2 antibody. Ten percent to 40% of these individuals are aware that they have genital herpes, whereas the remaining 60% to 90% are not. Among the latter, at least half have a history of recurrent genital lesions typical of genital herpes or can be taught to recognize typical, symptomatic episodes within 6 months if examined promptly after the onset of any unexplained genital symptoms. The remainder, about a third of the total, have no history of genital herpes and remain asymptomatic despite a careful history and follow-up examinations; in women in this group, asymptomatic shedding of HSV can be identified. Atypical lesions appear to play an important but as yet incompletely defined role. Most persons who transmit genital herpes to a sex partner or at delivery do not have a history of lesions at the time of transmission of HSV infection, suggesting that asymptomatic shedding or atypical, unrecognized lesions are responsible for most cases of transmission. In heterosexual couples, the risk of acquisition of HSV-2 infection from a sex partner with genital herpes is lowest in men (less than 5%), higher in HSV-1 seropositive women (less than 10%), and highest (about 30%) in women without antibody to HSV-1 or HSV-2. The risk of transmission to infants exposed to asymptomatic shedding at delivery is low (about 3%) in women with or without a history of genital herpes if HSV antibody of the same type is present in cord blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of genital herpes infections. 810 31

To evaluate whether uncircumcised status is correlated with acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 502 homosexual men were surveyed; 85% were circumcised. HIV infection was significantly associated with uncircumcised status (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2, 3.8), nonwhite race, intravenous drug use, sexual contact with an intravenous drug user, number of male partners, frequency of unprotected receptive anal intercourse, and with history of genital herpes, anal herpes, or syphilis. Uncircumcised status was significantly associated with older age, nonwhite race, and history of syphilis; it was inversely associated with intravenous drug use. Using logistic regression analysis, the adjusted OR for the association between HIV infection and uncircumcised status was 2.0 (95% CI, 1.0, 4.0). Uncircumcised homosexual men had 2-fold increased risk of HIV infection. The role of circumcision as an intervention strategy to reduce sexual transmission of HIV warrants consideration.
 ...
PMID:The association between circumcision status and human immunodeficiency virus infection among homosexual men. 824 25

The development and use of acyclovir accelerated in the area of the natural history, epidemiology, and biology of herpes simplex viruses. The development of serologic assays that differentiate HSV-1 from HSV-2 demonstrated the worldwide distribution of genital herpes, the role genital ulcers play in facilitating HIV transmission, and the high frequency in which pregnant women acquire HSV infection. The high reactivation rate of HSV-2 infections, the often silent nature of genital herpes, and its widespread anatomic distribution in the genitourinary tract lead to frequent subclinical transmission. Identification and counselling of the asymptomatic carrier is necessary if we are to decrease the transmission of genital herpes.
 ...
PMID:Herpes simplex virus infections during the decade since the licensure of acyclovir. 824 96

A self-administered, confidential survey of respondents' history of selected sexually transmitted disease (STD) was conducted in 1987-88 among adults enrolled in a multicenter study of cardiovascular disease. Respondents (and response rates) included 535 white men (78 percent), 694 white women (89 percent), 262 black men (48 percent), and 472 black women (64 percent), ages 21 to 40 years at the time of the survey. Among those who were heterosexually active, 43 percent of black women, 37 percent of black men, 33 percent of white women, and 21 percent of white men reported ever having had at least one STD in the survey. A history of syphilis or gonorrhea was more commonly reported by blacks than whites; a history of genital herpes, chlamydia, or genital warts was more commonly reported by women than men. Independent risk factors for having had at least one STD in the survey included female sex; use of cocaine, amphetamines, or opiates; and lifetime number of sex partners. The number of sex partners was the most predictive risk factor. Black race was a significant marker for other, unidentified STD risk factors. The data show a high prevalence of a lifetime history of STD among young heterosexual urban U.S. adults with possible implications for the future spread of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
 ...
PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases among young heterosexual urban adults. 826 51

In England between November 1989 and February 1991, 917 new female patients at a department of genitourinary medicine (GUM), a family planning clinic (FPC), and an abortion clinic, all in inner London, completed a questionnaire so researchers could examine sexual behavior and HIV risk behavior between these women and to determine the effect of ethnic origin and socioeconomic status on these behaviors. 25.3% of GUM women and 25% of women at the abortion clinic did not use any contraception. The median numbers of sexual partners in the last 1-2 years and 4-6 years were essentially the same in all 3 groups (1.5-2.0 and 6.8-11.1, respectively). 54.8-68.9% of the women had had sexual intercourse with a nonregular sexual partner in the last 12 months. Few (10.4-17.1%) always used a condom with their regular partners. The percentage who always used a condom with nonregular partners was also low (31.3-39.7%). 18.6-23.9% of the women had at least 1 major HIV risk behavior. Age at first intercourse was younger in women of lower socioeconomic class than those of higher class (17.39 years vs. 18.04 years; p 0.0001). Whites had more lifetime sexual partners (10.34 vs. 5.18; p = 0.02) and were more likely to have practiced fellatio and anal sex (p 0.0001 and p 0.05) than did Afro-Caribbean women. Whites were more likely to have had a history of genital herpes (4.6% vs. 1%; p 0.02) and to have had sex with an IV drug user (6.9% vs. 1.5%; p = 0.005) than Afro-Caribbean women. Yet, Afro-Caribbean women were more likely to have at least 1 HIV risk behavior than Whites (29.5% vs. 21.4%; p = 0.01), almost entirely because they had had intercourse with a man from Sub-Saharan Africa. These findings suggest that staff at FPCs and abortion centers should provide women advice on sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection and that staff at GUM clinics need to offer contraception advice. The 3 clinical disciplines must be integrated so women can receive more comprehensive sexual health services.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of sexual behaviour and risk behaviour for HIV infection between women in three clinical settings. 828 97

In a cross sectional survey, 280 female prostitutes were recruited between April 1989 and August 1991 by referral from health workers in the genitourinary medicine clinic at St. Mary;s Hospital, London, England, and referral from friends and colleagues of prostitutes, fieldwork (visiting streets, magistrates' courts, flats, agencies, and saunas), and telephone contacts. The objective was to measure the prevalence of HIV and to describe established risk factors in female prostitutes. 228 of the women had HIV tests, and 2 (09%) were infected with HIV-1. A high 98% (251/255) of women used condoms with all clients, while 12% (25/207) did with nonpaying partners for vaginal intercourse, 22 of the women had a history of blood transfusion; 22 women were current or past iv drug users; 53 reported use of injected drugs either by themselves or by their sexual partners; and 58 reported having sex with bisexual men and 4 with men known to be infected with HIV. Women recruited through fieldwork were more likely to report use of injected drugs than those interviewed at the clinic (11/87 (13%) vs. 11/193 (6%). 193 women were examined for sexually transmitted infections (STDs) on the day of their interview or within a week later, and 27 had one or more current, acute infections; 9 had gonorrhoea, 12 chlamydia, 7 trichomonas, and 4 primary genital herpes. Infection was related to younger age and increasing numbers of nonpaying sexual partners but not to duration of prostitution, numbers of clients, or reports of condom failures. The age and numbers of nonpaying partners remained significantly associated with STDs when analyzed by logistic regression. There was a significant risk of other sexually transmitted infections associated with the prostitutes frequently unprotected, noncommercial sexual relationships. Interventions should consider both commercial and noncommercial sexual partnerships in order to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections in prostitutes.
 ...
PMID:Prostitution and risk of HIV: female prostitutes in London. 824 89

Modern international travel contributed greatly to the global AIDS pandemic. About 500,000 Australians have sexual intercourse in the Philippines and Thailand annually. Many do not practice safer sex. A significant potential means of HIV entering the Australian heterosexual population is unprotected intercourse with prostitutes in Southeast Asia. The median HIV prevalence rate in female prostitutes in Thailand is 15%. Other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) also pose a risk to Australian travelers. In 1991, in Victoria, 44% of gonorrhea cases were heterosexual males who had acquired gonorrhea abroad. Sex workers transmitted gonorrhea to 68% of these cases. A history of gonorrhea or chancroid increases the risk of HIV transmission. Other cofactors of HIV transmission are genital warts and genital herpes, both of which are common in Australia. Various types of men have taken great risks overseas, which places their partners at risk when they return. Since it is not easy to identify the type of persons who places himself at risk when abroad, physicians should discuss sexual risks with any patient who plans to travel overseas or who has returned. Women experience more severe consequences of STDs (e.g., pelvic inflammatory disease) than men because they are more likely to be asymptomatic in the early stages. Women should know that the risk of HIV transmission is high in Africa, Southeast Asia, and some areas in the US. Physicians should know behavioral risk factors (e.g., heavy drinking or drug use). They should remind homosexual men to practice safer sexual practices abroad, even though they may be better informed than heterosexual men. Physicians need to tell travelers that a prostitute is having a health certificate does not guarantee that she does not have STDs or HIV. Further, a healthy appearance does not equate STD-free status. Travelers should carry condoms with them. Physicians should refrain from prescribing prophylactic antibiotics to minimize antibiotic resistance.
 ...
PMID:STDs and the overseas traveller. 844 79

Patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are especially vulnerable to HIV infection. 355 heterosexuals with multiple partners, 6 homosexuals, and 238 female sex workers with STDs in Bombay were surveyed serologically to determine the extent to which HIV-1 may be disseminated within their subpopulation. ELISA and Western blot test results found that the seroprevalence of antibody to HIV-1 increased from 1.3% in 1987 to 5.3% in 1988 and 7% in 1989. The increase in seropositivity occurred among both sexes and was maximally associated with condylomata acuminata, genital herpes, and chancroid. These findings clearly indicate the HIV-1 is established in this population and urgently needs to be controlled.
 ...
PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection among patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Bombay. 845 53

During May 10-July 20, 1993, clinic staff interviewed 3136 women aged 12-45 attending 13 family planning clinics in southeastern Texas so researchers could determine the frequency of condom use for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in women using other forms of contraception for pregnancy prevention. 30% had had unprotected intercourse at least once in the last month. Clients who planned to always use a contraceptive method in the future increased from 58% to 83% after counseling. After counseling, 31% planned to always use a condom in the future. Before the visit, 10% had always used a condom. After counseling, condom use with oral contraceptives, IUD, diaphragm, cervical cap, implants, Depo Provera, or sexual sterilization increased from 28% to 42%. 35% of clients used condoms when they thought that protection was needed. 72% were currently in a monogamous relationship. 10% considered themselves not at risk of HIV. Women with one sexual partner tended to think that they were not at risk of HIV or not concerned about HIV. They were much less likely to intend to use condoms in the future with another method than their counterparts. Three women had HIV infection. 4% had genital herpes. 13% had had another STD. 260 women (8%) had had intercourse with partners engaging in risky behavior. 47% of clients had at least one risk factor for HIV (e.g., recent STD). After counseling, condom use increased among clients with risk factors for HIV. These same clients were also more likely to use condoms than those with no risk factors. 17% of these clients planned to reduce condom use in the future, however. 22% of clients planned to decrease condom use in the future and use a contraceptive method to protect against pregnancy rather than STDs. These findings show that many women at risk for STDs who request contraception do not protect themselves from STDs, indicating an additional unmet need. The researchers suggest that there should be research and development for intervention methods for women at risk for STDs who stop using condoms when they receive another contraceptive method.
 ...
PMID:A cross-sectional survey of condom use in conjunction with other contraceptive methods. 858 24

The aim of the study was to investigate the association between infection with HIV-1 infection and a history of other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). We were able to match 1295 HIV-1 infected patients who attended St Mary's Hospital between 1985 and 1991 with 1273 seronegative controls on gender, sexual orientation, injecting drug use and age at time of test. The cases were 3 times more likely to have a history of ever having had another STD than the controls: multivariate conditional logistic regression showed that, after controlling for sexual behaviour, for known sexual contact with an HIV infected individual or AIDS patient or with a resident from a high HIV prevalence area, area of residence and for year of test, a history of gonorrhoea, syphilis, hepatitis B, genital herpes or genital warts were all significantly associated with HIV-1 seropositive status. These findings reinforce the need for HIV containment strategies to be promoted in conjunction with containment programmes for others STDs.
 ...
PMID:Case-control study of sexually transmitted diseases as cofactors for HIV-1 transmission. 865 8


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>