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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In England, 108 gay men in London consented to participating in a trial aiming to determine the breakage rate of a condom, which is 30% thicker than the standard condom, when used during anal intercourse. Each participant received 12 condoms, 80 g of a nonspermicidal lubricant, instructions for use, and 12 questionnaires. None of the men were HIV positive or had a history of recurring genital herpes. They used a total of 772 thicker condoms, 14 of which broke. Thus, the breakage rate was 1.8%, which was significantly lower than that of standard condom use among gay men in another survey (p 0.01). Yet it is similar to that of other investigations of condom use during anal sex in The Netherlands (2%) and of vaginal intercourse (1.8%). 11 men experienced 1 breakage and 3 men experienced 2 breakages. Five of the men reporting breakage were in a monogamous relationship. The sites of breakage were at the tip (7), at the base (6), and at the side (1). Suggested reasons for breakage were not enough lubricant used, rougher than usual treatment, and fingernails. When the researchers excluded the case who used the condom inappropriately, the breakage rate was 1.6%. The slippage rate was 6.6% (51 condoms). Slippage happened during withdrawal on 28 occasions. Thus, the slippage rate during actual anal sex was 3%. No participant reported any leakage. The men tended to find the condom to be acceptable. These findings suggest that stronger condoms are more effective than standard condoms for anal intercourse. Since both breakage and slippage did occur, however, anal sex remains a high risk activity even when one uses a thicker, stronger condom.
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PMID:Evaluation of a thicker condom for use as a prophylactic against HIV transmission. 781 81

Genital herpes infections are a major source of morbidity. These infections are responsible for significant health problems, including direct physical discomfort associated with outbreaks, potential complications such as neonatal transmission, and the often devastating psychological effects of a chronic illness. In addition, herpes infections have been identified as a significant co-factor in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Accurate and rapid diagnosis and treatment are important steps necessary to minimize these effects.
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PMID:Management of genital herpes infection. 784 18

The cumulative incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in a cohort of 51 (35 female, 16 male) HIV-1 seropositive STD clinic attenders who had acquired HIV-1 infection via heterosexual transmission was investigated through a retrospective review of the case notes. The women were followed up for a mean 11.6 months and the men for 18 months. Thirty-one (88%) of the women and 13 (81%) of the men were of sub-Saharan African origin. Approximately half of the subjects were first diagnosed as HIV-1 positive with CD4 counts < 200 x 10(6)/1 and a quarter with CD4 counts < 50 x 10(6)/1. STDs detected in women were: genital herpes 15 (43%), candida 12 (34%), bacterial vaginosis 9 (25%), and in men: genital herpes 6 (38%), non-gonococcal urethritis 4 (25%). No cases of gonorrhoea were detected. At the time of first diagnosis of genital herpes at the clinic, the mean CD4 count in women was 275 x 10(6)/1 and in men 285 x 10(6)/1. Genital herpes was the AIDS defining diagnosis in 3 of the women. The recognized risk of HIV transmission via genital lesions should be stressed in HIV-1 positive subjects with genital herpes. The incidence of other STD was low--both knowledge of HIV status and safer sex counselling may limit unsafe sexual behaviour and should be evaluated further as a strategy for limiting the spread of HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:High cumulative incidence of genital herpes amongst HIV-1 seropositive heterosexuals in south London. 784 19

While hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to be transmitted parenterally, the role of sexual transmission remains unclear. In order to examine the association of sexual risk factors with HCV seroprevalence at a time when unprotected sexual practices were still quite common, 435 homosexual men recruited from a municipal sexually transmitted disease clinic with behavioural data and serologic specimens from 1983-1984 were evaluated. Overall, 25% of men reporting injecting drug use (IDU) and 5% of men with no IDU were anti-HCV positive; the rate in the non-IDU was significantly higher than age-matched rates in blood donors (summary odds ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 2.8-4.2). In addition to IDU, amphetamine and phencyclidine use were also associated with anti-HCV positivity on univariate analysis. Sexual risk factors for anti-HCV positivity included anal receptive intercourse, 'fisting', having an IDU sexual partner, a self-reported history of genital herpes and HIV seropositivity. On multivariate analysis, only IDU was significantly associated with anti-HCV positivity. Thus, sexual practices appear to play a minor role in transmission of HCV.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus infection in sexually active homosexual men. 788 19

We examined the AIDS Risk Reduction Model (J. Catania, S. Kegeles, & T. Coates) in a sample of unmarried heterosexual adults with an HIV risk factor (n = 716). Labeling one's sexual behavior as risky was associated with having a history of sexually transmitted diseases, particularly genital herpes, and fewer stereotypic health beliefs. For people with secondary sexual partners, greater condom commitment was related to increased labeling, supportive condom norms, and greater enjoyment, and high levels of condom use were related to greater condom commitment, supportive norms, greater enjoyment, and health protective sexual communication. For people with primary partners, greater condom commitment was correlated with increased supportive condom norms, greater enjoyment, and having genital herpes, and high levels of condom use were correlated with greater condom commitment, greater enjoyment, and health protective sexual communication.
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PMID:A test of the AIDS risk reduction model: psychosocial correlates of condom use in the AMEN cohort survey. 788 10

In Nigeria, the sexually transmitted disease clinic staff at the hospital of the University of Ibadan collected 153 urethral, vaginal, and endocervical samples from 116 patients between November, 1991, and November, 1992, so researchers could isolate, identify, and type the herpes simplex virus (HSV). They used the complete fixation test and the indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique to confirm HSV. The patients also had genital herpes (31.6%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae urethritis (15.8%), nonspecific urethritis (15.8%), candidiasis (21%), genital warts (10.5%), and trichomoniasis (1%). No one had syphilis. The laboratory staff isolated HSV from only 7 samples (4.6% of all samples). All 7 isolates were from males (genital ulcer and urethral samples). Five of the isolates were HSV-2 and 2 were HSV-1. This study was the first documented isolation of HSV in Nigeria. These findings provide baseline data on genital herpes for projected studies. Further research should examine the significance of these findings for other areas, particularly HIV transmission and immunocompromised patients.
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PMID:Isolation of herpes simplex virus from sexually transmitted disease patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. 797 67

The authors interviewed and tested 91 male and 84 female sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients for HIV infection to determine the feasibility of establishing a sentinel HIV surveillance system involving patients with STDs attending private clinics and a government STD clinic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 77.3% of the women were aged 20-34 years and 7.1% under age 20. Information was collected on risk behaviors for HIV infection. 41.7% of the women reported working as prostitutes, while others worked as masseuses, hairdressers, waitresses, salesgirls, receptionists, factory workers, and in other capacities. 58.3% of the women had 100 or more sex partners during the preceding month and 99% had six or more sex partners. Only 4.8% of the women, however, had their male partners use condoms most of the time, while 11.9% hardly used condoms at all. Gonorrhea was most commonly diagnosed, while nonspecific genital infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, genital herpes, and syphilis were also diagnosed. Among the males, 93.3% were heterosexual and 6.7% bisexual, with 41.1% having 6-20 different partners in the previous year. 78.0% had prostitutes as their sex partners most of the time, 41.8% had experiences in Thailand and the Philippines, 73.6% never used condoms, 19.8% used condoms rarely, and 6.6% used condoms most of the time. Despite such behavior, all tested negative for antibodies to HIV. Lot quality assurance sampling methods did, however, indicate that the upper limits of prevalences for females and males were 3.5% and 3.3% respectively, at a 5% type I error. An HIV prevalence of several percent could therefore exist. While offering useful baseline data for future comparisons, this study found it feasible to carry out a sentinel surveillance program among STD patients.
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PMID:Patterns of risk behaviour for patients with sexually transmitted diseases and surveillance for human immunodeficiency virus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 803 14

Syphilis became a problem at the beginning of the eighteenth century when a virulent microbe was brought to Norway. This new disease was called "radesyken", a Nordic name for "the wicked disease". "Rade" hospitals were built and this was the beginning of the Norwegian hospital system. Professor Caesar Boeck refused to use mercury in the treatment of syphilis; 2000 of his patients were included in the Oslo study of untreated syphilis. With the use of penicillin and other antibiotics, syphilis and gonorrhoea decreased. More frequent now are the viral diseases, herpes genitalis and condylomata acuminata. HIV is seldom found in the STD clinic in Oslo: only 5-6 HIV-positive persons per year; that is, about 0.09% of all new patients.
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PMID:The history of venereology in Norway. 803 89

Recent serosurveys indicate that the prevalence of genital herpes has continued to increase even during the decade of HIV. Much of this continued transmission is due to the difficulty of identifying the subclinical carrier of HSV-2. The development of serologic assays that accurately distinguish HSV-1 from HSV-2 infection now allow such persons to be identified, and recent studies indicate almost all HSV-2 seropositives have symptoms and signs of reactivation HSV-2. Moreover, over 50% will shed virus subclinically in the genital tract. This underestimation of this reactivation rate appears to be another factor in the continued spread of the virus throughout the population. The development of an HSV vaccine is imperative if we are to control this rapidly increasing infection.
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PMID:The current trend in genital herpes. Progress in prevention. 804 14

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) cause significant morbidity in the industrialized nations and, even more so in third world countries. Genital ulcerative STD such as herpes genitalis, syphilis, and chancroid have been identified as important risk factors for the spread of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Efficient and safe therapeutic regimen are therefore essential to cure the individual and to prevent spread of STD in the community. In this review, the current treatment guidelines for the bacterial STD gonorrhoea, chlamydial infections, syphilis, and chancroid are summarized and recent therapeutic developments are discussed.
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PMID:Treatment of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. 808 May 4


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