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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report on our experience with 47 HIV-positive women, died in the meantime. 32% stated, that they had never taken i.v. drugs. Their clinical pattern varies greatly. Psychosocial problems and infections, such as genital herpes and candidosis and others predominate. Long-term controls of 12 couples with HIV-negative male partner only showed one case of HIV-transmission. Since 1980 21 children were born by these patients, 7 of them are seropositive 2 years after birth, and one of them has meanwhile died of AIDS.
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PMID:[AIDS and females. Change in problems for the gynecologist]. 231 2

Human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) epidemiology in Belgium shows that 66% of all acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients were infected heterosexually. Since 1985, all HIV-seropositive patients in Brussels and Antwerp who have been heterosexually infected have been offered participation in a partner notification program; this article reports the case study of 1 HIV infected male and his 19 identified previous women sexual partners. This report describes the patient's background and the type and frequency of sexual intercourse he had with each partner. The characteristics of each of the sexual partners were also described. An important consideration of this case was that 11 of the tested partners (56%) were HIV seropositive. Several factors were discussed concerning the cause of this high rate of transmission (e.g. high disseminator patient, highly virulent HIV strain, and presence of genital herpes). This study emphasizes the fact that middle class women with low risk sexual practices were infected with AIDS from as little as 1 sexual encounter with this infected individual. To stop a false sense of security among people with few sexual partners, it was advised that a program of partner notification targeted to heterosexuals be implemented along with other public health policies.
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PMID:A cluster of HIV infection among heterosexual people without apparent risk factors. 281 59

A case of AIDS due to HIV/LAV2 is reported. The patient was a 32 year old man from Guinea-Bissau with no known risk factors. He had brain toxoplasmosis, oral thrush and chronic genital herpes. Investigations for IgG anti-HIV/LAV1' (Elisa, Western Blot, Ripa) were negative. Antibodies to HIV/LAV2 were found and cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes and cerebro-spinal fluid were positive. HIV/LAV2 seems to be similar to STLV-III (mac), STLV-III (agm), and probably HTLV-IV.
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PMID:[Clinical and virological study of a case of infection with the HIV-LAV 2 virus]. 289 71

Cutaneous manifestations of AIDS and AIDS-related complex were studied in a population of 1124 HIV seropositive patients at a hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. 115 of the patients had AIDS, and 1009 had AIDS-related complex. Drug eruptions occurred in 22 patients; 2 died of Stevens-Johnson syndrome subsequent to drug therapy for tuberculosis. The most frequently seen cutaneous manifestations were candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, herpes zoster, seborrheic dermatitis, herpes genitalis, and papular dermatoses. The pruritic maculopapular eruption occurred in crops, healed, and recurred. It was one of the most unique dermatologic manifestations of AIDS found in Africa. Seborrheic dermatitis occurred frequently in patients who also had pulmonary tuberculosis.
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PMID:Cutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus in Lusaka, Zambia. 297 91

Testing for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was introduced in 1984 in this major sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Copenhagen, which is attended by about 10,000 new patients each year. From 1984 to 1987 the proportion of patients examined for antibodies to HIV rose from 6% to 32%. The overall incidence of HIV antibody positivity decreased from 30% in 1984 to 3% in 1987, the combined result of decreased positivity in high risk patients tested and increased screening in low risk patients. HIV antibody positivity has been confined largely to homosexual men and drug addicts. Since 1985, however, 21 out of 2623 (0.8%) heterosexuals who were not drug addicts were found to be HIV antibody positive. During 1984-6 the incidence of STDs most often encountered in high risk groups (syphilis and gonorrhoea) decreased by 64% and 41% respectively, whereas the incidence of diseases most often diagnosed in low risk groups (condylomata acuminata and genital herpes) increased by 70% and 34% respectively in the same period. The addition of HIV infection to the list of STDs requires the allocation of more resources to the STD clinics to enable these clinics to handle this new problem. Screening for all patients attending an STD clinic for antibodies to HIV must be considered, and in our area it would be cost effective.
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PMID:AIDS related changes in pattern of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in an STD clinic in Copenhagen. 316 58

Surveillance systems have been developed in Victoria to determine trends in sexually transmissible diseases (STDs). Notifications to the Health Department (including laboratory notification since May 1990) have been supplemented by data about strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis processed by the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, enhanced laboratory surveillance of syphilis, and data on genital herpes and genital warts from the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre. During the period under review the incidence of gonorrhoea declined, rapidly at first, and then more slowly. For women, this trend has continued, while gonorrhoea acquired abroad by men has become relatively more important. Since 1988, gonorrhoea in homosexual men has increased, and rectal isolates have increased concurrently, raising concerns about HIV risk behaviour. Cases of syphilis are likely to be ascertained through STD, antenatal and refugee screening, rather than because of symptoms or contact tracing. Chlamydia is a the most common notifiable STD, despite underreporting and underdiagnosis. In 1991, 832 cases were notified, increasing to 1377 in 1992. In 1992, of the 73 cases (65 per cent of notifications) where the doctor identified a risk, 15 per cent was attributed to homosexual contact, and 27.4 per cent to heterosexual exposure. Limitations in the data include inadequate standard case definitions for many STDs, changes in the statutory requirement for notifications in 1990, underreporting, changes in diagnostic and screening patterns, and lack of detailed demographic data. Education of general practitioners is needed to improve diagnosis and notification of chlamydia.
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PMID:Surveillance for sexually transmissible diseases in Victoria, 1983 to 1992. 764 73

This paper describes the establishment of Genito-Urinary Medicine outreach clinics based in 2 drop-in centres for female prostitutes in Edinburgh; 242 women have received medical care at these outreach clinics. STD screening has been carried out on 160 (63%), detecting one case of gonorrhoea, 11 cases of chlamydia, 11 cases of genital warts, and 2 cases of recurrent genital herpes. With regards to HIV serostatus, 8 women were already known to be HIV seropositive and 18 were known to be seronegative. One hundred and fifteen women have been tested at the outreach clinics, yielding one positive result. The serostatus of 91 women is unknown. There have been 42 pregnancies, some of which were conceived through client contact. The prevalence of STDs including HIV is low and would suggest that condom usage is high. However, this level of usage is associated with significant numbers of unwanted pregnancies. Prostitutes in Edinburgh do not appear to act as a significant focus for dissemination of HIV infection.
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PMID:Outreach STD clinics for prostitutes in Edinburgh. 764 23

In northern Thailand, baseline interviews with and blood testing for syphilis and HIV-1 antibodies of military conscripts were conducted during May-November 1993. Researchers also examined conscripts discharged in April 1993. They interviewed and tested a total of 2047 men. 134 men (6.5%) had had at least one male sex partner. (These men are referred to as MSM.) Only 4 (2.9%) had had sex with only men. The remaining 130 (97.1%) had also had female sex partners. The 134 MSM men were more likely than heterosexual men to be married (odds ratio [OR] = 2.67) and to have a girlfriend with whom they had sex (OR = 1.6). They were also more likely than heterosexual men to have ever had any sexually transmitted disease (STD) (OR = 2.71), gonorrhea (2.05), syphilis (OR = 3.17), nongonococcal urethritis (OR = 4.54), penile discharge with pus (OR = 2.47), watery penile discharge (OR = 6.24), and dysuria (OR = 2.43). The overall HIV prevalence was 12.1% (247 men). MSM men were only somewhat more likely to be HIV infected (PR = 1.51). MSM men with more than one male lifetime partner were significantly more likely to be infected with HIV than those with only one male partner (OR = 2.89). Same-sex behavior was more common among discharged men who had returned to civilian life than those were still in the military (9.3% vs. 6.5%). Discharged bi/homosexual men was the only group of Royal Thai Army current or former conscripts in which sex with men was independently associated with HIV infection (27.3% vs. 12.4% for HIV-infected heterosexual former conscripts; OR = 2.54). Among all subjects, HIV infection was associated with ever visited a female commercial sex worker (OR = 4.16) and ever had any STD (OR = 5.47), gonorrhea (OR = 3.08), syphilis (OR = 3.81), genital herpes (OR = 3.54), genital warts (OR = 3.56), and genital ulcer disease (OR = 5.59). These findings show that MSM in Northern Thailand are at high risk of STDs and HIV. HIV/STD prevention efforts should target all young Thai men and try to change high risk sexual practices.
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PMID:Same-sex behavior, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV risks among young northern Thai men. 771 88

We report a 39-year-old male who presented with tuberculous meningitis and was found also to be HIV-infected. In the course of his illness, he developed multiple opportunistic infections such as herpes genitalis, oesophageal candidiasis, CMV retinitis and finally succumbed to Penicillium marneffei septicaemia.
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PMID:Penicillium marneffei infection in an AIDS patient--a first case report from Malaysia. 775 60

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are common, and result in immense social and economic costs. In some countries they have a major demographic impact. Because many STDs facilitate the transmission of HIV, the consequences of STDs are further increasing. At the same time, this association between STDs and HIV provides one of the ways in which drug therapy should be very cost effective. The perspective taken in this article is a societal one, and broader issues than those directly related to drug costs and benefits are discussed. However, it is the availability of drugs that has the potential to most quickly and most reliably make a major difference to overall health sector and societal costs as they relate to STDs. For those STDs for which curative therapy is available (particularly Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, and Trichomonas vaginalis) there have been large decreases in prevalence in many parts of the world. In contrast, those STDs for which curative therapy is not available (particularly HIV, genital herpes and genital human papillomavirus infection) have had stable or increasing prevalence. For these latter infections, each new case increases the overall prevalence. Numerous features of STDs make clinical and economic evaluation difficult. These include the sensitive nature of the topic, the changing epidemiology and drug susceptibility of individual STDs, the fact that a large proportion of those infected are asymptomatic, difficulties in making specific diagnoses, the fact that often consequences are recognised late, sexual re-exposure and reinfection, and inadequate data on which to do clinical and economic evaluations. Furthermore, risk of acquiring an STD roughly correlates inversely with socioeconomic status, and countries or places with the highest rates of STDs may have the least ability to deal effectively with their diagnosis and management. Most of the direct and indirect costs are incurred by women, since they experience the vast majority of the complications of STDs. Many of these only become apparent years later, which makes it very hard to attribute costs and benefits to a specific episode of infection, and to its treatment. The late and indirect costs, plus the costs of prevention, are hard to quantify. That the major burden of STDs is in adolescents and young adults, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups and women has important implications, including for pharmacoeconomic studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Drug therapies for sexually transmitted diseases. Clinical and economic considerations. 778 85


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