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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Oral hairy leukoplakia is a disease of the oral mucosa occurring almost exclusively in HIV-infected (mostly AIDS) patients and due to the opportunistic development of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) within the oral epithelium. Clinically, it shows as whitish patches with a shaggy surface occurring on the lateral margins of the tongue, less frequently the buccal and labial mucosa or the soft palate. Histologically, it comprises parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and numerous koilocytoid cells within the stratum spinosum, i. e. cells with a pycnotic nucleus surrounded by a clear halo and pale-staining cytoplasm. Electronmicroscopy readily shows abundant Herpes-group viral particles within the upper epithelial layers. By immunohistochemistry, in situ molecular hybridization and Southern-blot EBV antigens and DNA have been demonstrated within the lesions whereas HPV and HIV are generally undetectable. In the present work we studied by light- and electronmicroscopy lesions from 8 HIV-seropositive individuals that fulfilled the clinical and histological criteria of OHL. Ultrastructural examination showed the presence in all cases of Herpes-type virions, which, in two of the cases studied by immunohistochemistry, proved to belong to the EBV. It is concluded that electronmicroscopy is a sufficiently sensitive examination to confirm the diagnosis of OHL suggested in the presence of an appropriate clinico-histological setting.
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PMID:[Oral hairy leukoplakia in AIDS. Histologic and ultrastructural study of 8 cases]. 216 22

Thirty-three cases of hairy leucoplakia (HL) in HIV-positive patients were studied. The most frequent clinical presentation was the development of corrugated plaques on the lateral sides of the tongue without spiculations on the surface. In all biopsies, herpetic-type viral inclusions were found. In 12 out of 14 cases in whom an electromicroscopic study was carried out, only viral particles of the herpes group were found. Human papillomavirus (HPV) was not demonstrated, although by means of immunohistochemistry, positive labelling for HPV was found in 95% of the cases. The aetiopathological significance of these findings remains to be evaluated.
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PMID:Hairy leucoplakia--a clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural study in 33 patients. 217 19

HIV-infected patients are prone to frequent opportunistic infections (OI). Their fundamental differences to infections in the immunocompetent host are explained. The most frequent OI is pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii. A brief overview on diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of encephalitis due to toxoplasma gondii, candidiasis, meningitis due to cryptococcus neoformans, tuberculosis, infection by atypical mycobacteria, infection by viruses of the herpes group--in particular cytomegalovirus--and cryptosporidiosis is given.
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PMID:[Opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients]. 218 21

The head-and-neck manifestations of HIV infection in children are very different from those in the adult population. Recurrent bacterial and viral infections are common manifestations, and persistent sinusitis or otitis media should make the otolaryngologist suspicious of HIV infection if the child has been exposed to the virus. Other common problems include mucocutaneous and esophageal candidiasis, recurrent herpes I and II and zoster infections, parotid swelling, and cervical lymphadeopathy.
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PMID:Head and neck manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children. 219 61

Aspects of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) peculiar to the developing countries in South America and sub-Saharan Africa are discussed. The most common STD infections are N. Gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, T. pallidum and T. vaginalis. Vertical transmission, particularly of syphilis among prostitutes, and of Chlamydia and gonorrhea after ophthalmia neonatorum, are common. Chlamydia is also a common respiratory tract infection in African neonates. Late complications of STDs, infertility and ectopic pregnancy, and particularly pelvic inflammatory disease, are responsible for a high proportion of hospitalizations. Antibiotic resistant gonorrhea strains are common, a result of poorly managed antibiotic treatment. Genital ulcer diseases (GUD), which predispose to HIV infections, are more common in Africa than in developed countries, not only herpes but chancroid, donovanosis and lymphogranuloma venereum. Chancroid, caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, causes 36-49% of ulcers in 2 reports. The L1-L3 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis cause lymphogranuloma venereum, the agent responsible for ulcers in 3.6-6.1% of 2 clinic populations. HIV infections have an equal sex ratio in Africa, with a younger age incidence in women and a high vertical transmission rate, while in Latin America, bisexual men, and increasingly, heterosexual transmission by intravenous drug users is reported. There is also an HIV-2 virus, whose virulence is in question, common in West Africa.
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PMID:The epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in Africa and Latin America. 220 6

The record of SSPE cases diagnosed immunochemically and serologically in our laboratory, standing for about 60% of the total new cases reported in our country, shows a significant decrease in the incidence in 1988-89 (from 5.21 new cases per year per million total population in 1987 to 1.82 cases in 1988). In 85% of the patients, SSPE onset occurred at the age of 10 years or more, suggesting the possibility of a primary measles infection before anti-measles immunization became compulsory. High serum and CSF anti-measles antibody titres in recently diagnosed patients show subclinical long-term courses. Further serologic tests for viruses inducing persistent infections (herpes viruses, AgHBs and HIV) do not show any difference when compared to a control group excepting an increased incidence of anti-cytomegalic titres.
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PMID:The continuous decrease in the number of SSPE annual cases ten years after compulsory anti-measles immunization. 222 53

We studied the role of genital ulcerative infections for acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in a cohort of 989 homosexual men in Amsterdam between October 1984 and December 1988. Among 53 HIV-1 seroconverters serological and anamnestic data were gathered regarding herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and syphilis in the 6 months before seroconversion. For statistical analysis a control who remained seronegative during the same interval was selected at random for each HIV-1 seroconverter. A significant difference between the prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies among HIV-1 seroconverters and controls was found (72% vs 38%). HSV-2 seroconversions among men initially seronegative for HSV-2 were found among three of 18 HIV-1 seroconverters and among three of 36 controls. (O.R. = 2.2, 95% C.I. 0.4-12.1). Self-reported cases of anogenital herpes were found more frequently among HIV-1 seroconverters (8) than among controls (4). One case of syphilis was diagnosed among HIV-1 seroconverters, and one among controls. Summing up these cases we assessed the total number of genital ulcerative infections: 12 among HIV-1 seroconverters and eight among controls (23 vs 15%, O.R. 1.7, C.I. 0.6-4.62). These data suggest little evidence for genital ulcerative infections being an important independent risk factor for HIV-1 acquisition among homosexual men in Amsterdam during the time period studied.
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PMID:Herpes simplex virus type 2 and other genital ulcerative infections as a risk factor for HIV-1 acquisition. 224 79

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) surveillance has caught the attention of the Italian public health authorities during the past decades. The spread of HIV infection increased the awareness of the need for a better STD surveillance system. This paper reports a retrospective survey of STD clinics in Italy, intended to form an epidemiological base for further development of STD surveillance. The data for 1986-87 and 1988 on a predefined set of diseases, all of them sexually transmitted, were collected from 85 of 127 centres contacted. The data obtained offer the first national figures for some STD not included in the statutory notification list, such as chlamydial infection, herpes and genital warts, as well as HIV infections. Those data show an increase in time frequencies. For gonorrhoea and syphilis, it was possible to compare our data with statutory notifications, showing a large gap between notified and reported cases. This gap is not stable in time (increasing in time) or in geographical area (increasing from north to south).
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in Italy: clinical returns versus statutory notifications. 224 87

Both acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) surveillance data and surveys on the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) indicate that HIV infection through heterosexual transmission is showing a trend of dramatic increase among US women. In women, especially pregnant women, AIDS has a more fulminant course than in men and there is a shorter survival time from diagnosis to death. Gynecologists may be the first source of medical contact among asymptomatic HIV-positive women, and primary care providers should aware of unusual gynecologic manifestations of HIV infection. Protracted herpes infection, refractory vaginal candidiasis, and widespread condylomata often represent early warning signs of an underlying immunocompromised state. Women with impaired cellular immunity are at greater risk of genital papillomavirus and neoplasia. Deficient cellular immunity also facilitates activation of latent infections such as cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and papillomavirus. Pelvic inflammatory disease is found in a disproportionately high number of HIV-infected women, although it is unknown whether the inflammation is secondary to the AIDS virus or a co-factor. Genital ulcers both increase the risk of HIV seroconversion and enhance the infectiousness of women already HIV-positive. Herpes simplex and other gynecologic conditions are likely to be more fulminant in presentation, more protracted in course, and resistant to conventional therapy in HIV-infected patients. To facilitate the early identification and treatment of these conditions, Pap smears should be taken every 4-6 months in infected women and there should be liberal use of colposcopy. Oral contraceptive users should be advised to switch to condom/nonoxynol-9 use to reduce the potential for disease transmission and accelerated progression.
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PMID:Primary care of women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 224 90

We present the case of an ulcerative lesion of the nasal mucous membrane and of the cutis surrounding the nose, starting six months ago, in a 26 year-old woman. From the histological picture a necrotic Herpes-virus infection was diagnosed. This suggested the existence of a deficiency of cell-mediated immunity. In fact a selective quantitative defect in the helper/inducer subset of T lymphocytes, as observed in AIDS, was noticed. HIV infection was confirmed by the ELISA test and the Western Blot test. Viral cultures grew HSV I from the skin lesion, which rapidly recovered after treatment with Acyclovir. We emphasize the absence of other signs and symptoms that could make us suspect an HIV infection and the rarity in the literature of the occurrence of HSV infections in that particular location as an initial manifestation of AIDS.
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PMID:[Ulcerative herpes simplex as the first manifestation of AIDS]. 227 60


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