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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To study the effects of regulatory proteins encoded by herpes viruses on the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) in the presence or absence of HIV-encoded regulatory products, we prepared a proviral construct containing 5' and 3' HIV LTR, but lacking the coding sequences of any HIV proteins. This construct allowed the effects of herpesvirus regulatory proteins on the HIV LTR to be assessed in a construct similar to the HIV provirus whilst also allowing their interactions with HIV-encoded regulatory proteins to be studied. In this system, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) protein IE1 (ICPO) but not the IE3 (ICP4) protein can activate the HIV LTR, whereas both proteins are active on a single plasmid-borne HIV LTR. Although the activation of the LTR by IE1 is strongly stimulated by the HIV Tat protein, it can also be observed in the absence of Tat, indicating that HSV infection via IE1 has the potential to activate an entirely silent, latent HIV provirus.
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PMID:A recombinant HIV provirus is synergistically activated by the HIV Tat protein and the HSV IE1 protein but not by the HSV IE3 protein. 177 75

The gamma delta T cell receptor (TcR) lymphocytes constitute 3-10% of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Only a very small fraction of these cells is recognized by the delta TCS1 monoclonal antibody, directed against the V delta 1 chain of the receptor. We describe the immunological, virological and clinical data of a small group of seropositive subjects having high levels of gamma delta TcR T cells in the peripheral blood. Our flow cytometric studies show that most of these cells belong to the delta TCS1+ (V delta 1+), CD8 +/- (dim staining) subset. Patients with high gamma delta TcR T cell numbers were not characterized by the presence of an acute (IgM positive) or reactivated (as defined by high IgG titres against early antigen or IgA titres against viral capsidic antigen) Epstein-Barr virus infection. Cytomegalovirus infection was excluded by serological assays, and other herpes viral infections were not found after clinical examination. HIV p24 antigenaemia was present in two out of 11 subjects. AIDS patients had very high percentages of gamma delta TcR T cells. Altogether these data show that the selective expansion of delta TCS1+ cells in HIV1 seropositive subjects is not related to some exogenous antigen stimulation, but may be related to peculiar pathologic processes involving the immune system.
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PMID:A subset of gamma delta lymphocytes is increased during HIV-1 infection. 182 86

The aim of this study was to explore in depth a sample of dentists' perceptions of HIV/AIDS in the context of an investigation into their feelings towards occupational hazards. To fulfil this aim a qualitative research method, the Repertory Grid Technique, was employed. Twenty-three dentists were involved in the study. The main findings of the research were that a complex array of views were expressed by the sample, but that issues relating to concern and control were seen as being of greatest relevance and importance. The methodological technique used enabled a two-dimensional diagrammatic image to be created representing the samples' view of HIV/AIDS. Most of the dentists perceived HIV/AIDS as being of low to moderate concern and under moderate to high control. The older male dentists expressed higher levels of concern and lower levels of control. Those dentists with the greatest experience of dealing with people affected by HIV/AIDS expressed lower concern and higher control. When compared with other occupational hazards, the sample viewed HIV/AIDS in a very similar way to eye injury, mercury, radiation and herpes, in terms of concern and control. It was evident, however, that occupational stress was the hazard that provoked the highest degree of concern for the sample, and not HIV/AIDS.
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PMID:Dentists' perceptions of HIV/AIDS as an occupational hazard: a qualitative investigation. 183 77

Bronchoalveolar washout was performed in 130 patients with pneumonia during a period of 28 months. Microbiological investigation involved common bacteria, Legionella, fungi, viruses (Cytomegalovirus, herpes, RSV), Mycobacterium, and Pneumocystis carinii. Infection HIV was present in 75% of patients. The remaining patients had malignant diseases or severe pneumonia. The overall sensitivity of the technique was 65.4% and the positive predictive value was 92%. The technique was less sensitive in cases of bacterial pneumonia (sensitivity = 34.4%). This was attributed to the fact that 82.8% of these cases received antibiotic therapy. Pneumocystis carinii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were the most common agents (44.8% and 34.5%, respectively). In seven instances the clinical picture was related to cytomegalovirus, although this diagnosis can not be easily done.
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PMID:[Evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage in the microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia in patients at risk]. 186 7

Using recent data from the U.S., the argument is reiterated that sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have serious consequences on female morbidity, mortality, pregnancy outcome and that the cost of screening and treatment can afford significant savings. Since the rosy view of the 1950s that STDs had been eliminated with penicillin, new viral, parasitic and bacterial forms have emerged, and antibiotic-resistant classical STDs have increased yearly. 13 million new cases were reported in 1989, excluding non-reportable diseases and asymptomatic infections, such as over half of chlamydia cases. Mortality is possible from STDs, most notably from AIDS, now among the top 5 causes of death of women aged 15-44. Other fatal outcomes are cervical cancer related to human papilloma virus, accelerated by HIV, pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) its consequences, ectopic pregnancy. Symptomatic PID affects 1 million women, resulting in 210,000 hospitalizations per year. Ectopic pregnancy accounts for 12% of maternal mortality. STDs are involved in neonatal infections with HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, and herpes. Chorioamnionitis, a finding in many miscarriages, is caused by many of the same organisms. Several studies have projected sizeable potential savings, even within the current year, by providing STD screening and treatment in family planning clinics and prenatal care, in terms of prevention of hospitalization of women, and intensive care for low birth weight, premature and infected newborns.
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PMID:An ounce of prevention ... STDs and women's health. 193 19

Researchers conducted a retrospective blind study of 743 women attending the family planning clinic at Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to determine HIV-1 prevalence in a family planning population. HIV-1 seroprevalence stood at 1.1% (8 patients). The researchers were confident that the population size was large enough to accurately reflect HIV-1 prevalence in a family planning population. Since around 90,000 women used family planning services in Philadelphia, they estimated that 1600 women were actually HIV-1 seropositive in Philadelphia. HIV-1 seropositive patients were older than seronegative patients, but the difference was not significant (26.9% vs. 23.6%). 57.1% of seropositive patients and 48.7% of seronegative patients used oral contraceptives. HIV-1 seropositive clients used them. None of the HIV-1 seropositive patients had a sexually transmitted disease (STD) which alters the epithelium (condyloma, herpes, and syphilis) while 4.9% for the seronegative patients had such an STD. IN fact, 66.7% of the HIV-1 seropositive patients had no STD at all compared to 50% of seronegative patients. No association existed between HIV-1 seropositivity and illicit drug abuse. In conclusion, no association was found between HIV-1 seropositivity and ethnicity, marital status, education, history of STDs, drug and/or alcohol use, and contraceptive method. The researchers suggested that the inability to establish relationships may be due to a function of methods, sample size, or a reflection of a different population. Nevertheless they believed that the family planning clinic should offer HIV testing to women.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) antibodies in a family-planning population. 194 10

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first diagnosed in burundi in 1983 when a large number of patients were registered with Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptococcal meningitis, and disseminated candidiasis. In the 1st phase of the disease the vi rus is dormant. In the 2nd phase seroconversion appears; and in the 3rd phase generalized adenopathy emerges. In the 4th phase the full-blown disease appears as a result of cellular immunity deficit with emaciation, fever, sweating, chronic diarrhea, asthenia, blood parameter changes (lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anemia, and specific immune disorders). The early phases can be diagnosed by serological tests. During 1989 a group of 155 patients with 1st signs of seropositivity were studied in the central hospital of Bugumbura. The available clinical diagnostic markers were: 56 cases of herpes, 26 cases of generalized adenopathy, 25 cases of inflammatory infiltration of paraganglionic zones, 13 abscesses and phlegmons, 8 cases of chronic proctitis, 8 prurigo cases, 7 cases of chronic pneumonia and bronchitis, 4 cases of paresis of the facial nerve, 4 cases of Kaposi's sarcoma, 2 cases of fresh syphilis, 2 cases of anemia, asthenia, dizziness, and weight loss. Tomo- and zonographical X-ray study of the thorax of 80 patients aged 20-65 (51 men and 29 women) was performed. In 62 patients changes in the lungs were evident. In 2 patients tuberculosis of the lungs was diagnosed: miliary TB in a 26-year woman and disseminated TB in a 31-year man. 2 chronic and 3 bronchial, and 10 interstitial pneumonia cases were diagnosed in 15 patients with average age of 30 years. 4 patients had peribronchial and pneumonic infiltrations. In a group of 45 patients magnified picture showed no deformation in the lungs; and only 5 had respiratory organ pathology. Interstitial pneumonia was the most often diagnosed ailment by X-ray inpatients infected with HIV.
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PMID:[X-ray pulmonary manifestations in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus]. 196 22

Hairy leukoplakia is a specific oral lesion associated with the opportunistic development of Epstein-Barr virus in the oral epithelium. It is now considered to be an early sign of HIV-induced immunosuppression. Four cases of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) from the lateral borders of the tongue of male AIDS patients were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. At the ultrastructural level, herpes-like viral particles were detected in the oral lesions of all cases. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on two cases showed the presence of EBV antigens in the nuclei and the cytoplasm of the infected epithelial cells. None of the specimens contained ultrastructural evidence of human papillomaviruses.
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PMID:Oral hairy leukoplakia in AIDS patients: an ultrastructural study. 196 48

Vaccines afford now good prevention of many viral diseases including Hepatitis B. In revenge, attempts of immunization against Herpes Virus types I and II did not result in large scale application of vaccination. Research for a vaccine against HIV encounters many difficulties due to virus variability and host reactions. The introduction of nucleosides analogues represented a great advance for antiviral chemotherapy. Weakly toxic drugs although efficacious against Herpes Virus replication are now available but they do not seem to prevent viral recurrences. As for HIV, its sensitivity to drugs like AZT has raised great hopes which were limited by their intrinsic toxicity. However, research and trials for more efficacious but less toxic drugs are further being developed.
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PMID:[Prevention and therapeutical trials of a few current viral diseases]. 196 1

Phosphonylmethoxyalkylpurines and -pyrimidines offer great promise for both topical and systemic treatment of various DNA virus and retrovirus infections: HPMPA for the treatment of adeno-, herpes- and poxvirus infections, HPMPC for the treatment of herpesvirus (in particular CMV) infections, and PMEA and PMEDAP for the treatment of retrovirus (i.e. HIV) infections. The efficacy of HPMPA, HPMPC, PMEA and PMEDAP has been demonstrated in various animal model infections, and the further pursuit of their clinical potential seems fully justified. The target for the antiviral action of these compounds appears to be viral DNA synthesis, which they inhibit at a concentration which is far below the concentration required to inhibit cellular DNA synthesis.
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PMID:Therapeutic potential of phosphonylmethoxyalkylpurines and -pyrimidines as antiviral agents. 196 99


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