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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infection with specific types of HPV has emerged as necessary but not sufficient factor in the neoplastic transformation of anogenital condylomas. Some viruses (HIV, Herpes viridae: HSV, CMV, EBV) might act as cofactors in the neoplastic changes and cancer. To study the prevalence of these viral pathogens in anogenital lesions, biopsies were obtained from HIV seropositive or seronegative men and tested using in situ hybridization technique. Infection by "high risk" HPV, HSV and CMV are facilitated in patients immunocompromised by HIV. Presence of CMV is more frequent in high risk HPV-induced lesions than in low risk HPV lesions.
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PMID:[Study by in situ hybridization of the prevalence of herpes virus as cofactors of the tumoral development of papillomatous lesions of the anogenital region in seropositive and seronegative men against HIV]. 133 5

The authors have specified the following criteria for the withdrawal of embryonal tissue at their department: 1) only tissue from dead fetus is allowed to be used in neurotransplantation; 2) embryonal tissue is to be obtained after spontaneous abortions from volunteers or from women asking for artificial abortion; 3) the women should be informed about the curative purposes of embryonal tissue voluntary donorship and they must give a written consent; 4) decision on abortion should be separated from the use of embryonal tissue; 5) women should not know recipients; no payments should be made for tissue; 6) the donor is not permitted to impregnate in order to use embryos for research or clinical purposes; 7) sampling of BWR, HBsAG, anti-HIV, cytomegalovirus, herpes I and II is to be made for serologic examinations and that from the cervix for cultivation and sensitivity, as well as ultrasound verification of a germinal age is done in potential donors; 8) consent should be signed to embryonal brain transplantation by recipient or his legitimate deputy if the recipient is certifiable. The above criteria should protect both the donor and the recipient. The use of embryonal tissue cultures seems to be promising. In addition to legal and ethic problems, immunological problems and problems concerning the aseptic withdrawal of embryonal tissue are falling off.
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PMID:[The legal and ethical aspects of nerve tissue transplantation]. 133 6

The benefits and side effects of various contraceptive methods are summarized. The condom is supposed to protect from HIV transmission. Some studies claim that the condom protects from HIV at an effectiveness rate of 60%. In combination with a spermicide such as nonoxynol-9, it offers especially good protection against gonococci and chlamydia, according to investigations carried out in Bangkok, Thailand. Similarly, chlorhexidine protects from HIV infections. A Chinese study claimed that the contraceptive gossypol also protects from the multiplication of herpes virus, but a better controlled study refuted this claim. It also proved that nonoxynol-9 and chlorhexidine do indeed offer protection against HIV. This issue is becoming ever more important, because making a vaccine against HIV has an uncertain prospect. In Finland, oral contraceptives (OCs) have been used for more than 30 years. The old high-dose estrogen progesterone pills have been replaced by modern low-dose preparations. The reduction of dosage was also called for by the negative effect on the lipid metabolism of certain kinds of progesterone. The reduction of breast cancer may also be associated with OCs, although three recent studies showed that among women 20-54 years old, the incidence of breast cancer was the same among users and nonusers. Here genetic factors may weigh more heavily than OC use or nonuse. The IUD was recommended for younger nulliparous women in the US (up to 80% of women using IUDs) and also in Finland. The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease requires caution with its use. At the present time in Finland the recommended lowest age limit is 25 years for the IUD. The use of levonorgestrel (LNG) counteracts the effect of estradiol on the endometrium. LNG contraceptives have beneficial effects on menorrhagia in menopause. Estrogen substitution therapy can also be stabilized by an IUD that releases 20 mcg of LNG daily.
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PMID:[Health benefits of contraception]. 134 89

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a nonpathogenic parvovirus which normally requires helper adenovirus or herpes-virus for replication. We examined the growth of AAV type 2 in human lymphocytes and its possible interaction with HIV-1. Three B cell lines (CK-B, HS-2, and UC729) and four T cell lines (Molt-4, Jurkat, HUT78, and HUT78+HIV, which is persistently infected with HIV-1) were infected with AAV either in the presence or in the absence of adenovirus. AAV DNA was found in cells of all the lines following incubation with the virus, indicating absorption. AAV DNA replication occurred in most cell lines without particular preference for B or T cells, but only in the presence of helper virus, either adenovirus or Epstein-Barr virus. Expression of AAV proteins was examined by immunoblotting and ELISA, using sera specific for AAV Rep or capsid proteins. The level of AAV protein synthesis correlated with the efficiency of AAV DNA replication, and both varied between cell lines. The yield of infectious AAV was low in most cases, except in one T4 line (Jurkat), where AAV replication and protein synthesis in the presence of adenovirus were very extensive. In HUT78+HIV cells both adenovirus and AAV (in the presence of Ad2) replicated efficiently. The effects of adenovirus plus AAV coinfections on HIV-1 replication, measured by reverse-transcriptase (RT) activity, were mild. Infection with adenovirus or AAV alone resulted in a 60-70% increase in RT activity, while infection with AAV plus adenovirus resulted in a 20% decrease in RT activity. The yield of infectious AAV in this cell line was very low.
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PMID:Replication of adeno-associated virus type 2 in human lymphocytic cells and interaction with HIV-1. 137 38

Human neural cells are susceptible to infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro; however, virus replication in these cells is strongly restricted. To understand the mechanism of this restriction, we examined the regulation of HIV-1 expression in glial cell cultures expressing high levels of HIV-1 after transfection of infectious viral DNA and selection. In all cases, high HIV-1 expression declined to low basal levels within 4-8 weeks of cultivation. The decrease in HIV-1 protein production wa paralleled by the decline in the relative levels of the 9.2-, 4.3- and 1.8-kilobase HIV-1 transcripts, but not by significant loss of HIV-1 DNA. Analysis of one long-term cell culture revealed 5 full-length unrearranged HIV-1 DNA copies per cell, but no viral transcripts on Northern blots, and minimal production of infectious virus. HIV-1 replication in these cells was markedly augmented by treatment with sodium butyrate (Na But) and to a lesser extent by 5-azacytidine, dibutyryl AMP and human herpes virus type 6. The virus induced by Na But was infectious. Transient expression assays revealed that Na But was more effective than phorbol myristate acetate in increasing the HIV-1 promoter activity in glial cells. Thus, one phase where glial cells can limit HIV infection is the expression of viral RNA from stable HIV provirus. However, such provirus remains responsive to inductive signals and may be activated to produce infectious HIV.
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PMID:Regulated expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human glial cells: induction of dormant virus. 138 16

Antiviral agents are less numerous and often more toxic than antibacterial agents. Acyclovir is commonly used for suppression and treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus and may be indicated for pregnant women with disseminated herpes. Zidovudine is indicated for pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus infection who have low CD4 lymphocyte counts. Ganciclovir, vidarabine, ribavirin, amantadine, didanosine, and foscarnet are rarely indicated in gynecology and are not recommended for use in pregnancy.
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PMID:Antiviral agents. 143 33

The first sign of HIV infection may be an unusual or rapidly progressive condition of the oral cavity, including malignancies such as Kaposi's sarcoma. Early diagnosis of these oral conditions can lead to early diagnosis of HIV infection and subsequent treatment with antiretroviral agents that may improve the prognosis. This illustrated review outlines the presenting signs and symptoms of the most common oral manifestations of the AIDS virus, including hairy leukoplakia, candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, periodontal disease, salivary gland disease, necrotizing stomatitis, and infection with herpes and human papillomavirus.
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PMID:Recognizing the oral manifestations of AIDS. 144 78

106 black males completed questionnaires on attitudes and knowledge related to condom use and AIDS. Most were enrolled within their 1st 3 years of college in the southern US, and were of average age 23.5 years. 88% were single and never married. 27 reported always using condoms during sex, 31 did not use them and had low intentions of so doing, and 48 reported high intentions to use condoms. Knowledge about AIDS was, however, extremely high across the study sample. Those with low intention to use condoms were significantly more negative about condom use, and reacted more vehemently when partners inquired about sexual history, when a partner refused sex without condom, or when they perceived condoms as interfering with foreplay and sexual pleasure. A significantly larger percentage of low intenders were treated for gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, and genital warts than steady condom users and high intenders. While a comparatively larger percentage of low intenders reported anal sex and sex with prostitutes, the group overall felt at lower risk for AIDS than men from the other 2 groups. Although low intenders used marijuana comparatively more often, drug use did not differentiate the 3 groups. Since some of these men continue to engage in risky sexual behavior despite their awareness of HIV transmission modes and AIDS, alternative interventions are needed to target and change some of their attitudes and behaviors.
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PMID:Black males who always use condoms: their attitudes, knowledge about AIDS, and sexual behavior. 150 49

Between 1988/89 1207 HIV-positive patients were registered at the Medical Policlinic of the University Hospital Zurich. In 57 of these patients colonoscopy or rectosigmoidoscopy was performed because of serious symptoms or symptoms refractory to therapy (diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, massive abdominal pain, weight loss). 24/57 (42%) had a negative colonoscopy and in 6/57 patients (10%) Kaposi's sarcoma was found. 14/57 (25%) had unspecific colitis. In 13/57 (23%) cases with colitis, one or multiple bacterial or viral agents were diagnosed: CMV (n = 5), herpes (n = 2), Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (n = 3), different bacterial agents (n = 5), HIV (n = 1). One patient had a double and one a triple infection. Another had colitis with HIV as the only isolated pathogenic agent in the colon epithelium.
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PMID:[Diagnostic problems in infectious colitis in the framework of an HIV infection]. 153 96

Malignant lymphomas associated with human (HIV) and simian (SIV) immunodeficiency virus infections are reviewed and compared. Recent observation of a high frequency of lymphomas in a series of cynomolgus macaques, highly immunodeficient after infection with SIVsm(smm3) are described. In addition to the increased frequency in human and monkey AIDS, SIV and HIV lymphomas share several important features. Clinically and by histology they present as aggressive high-grade malignant tumors with a predilection for extranodal growth in viscera, skin, central nervous system, testis, and retroorbitally. Most malignant lymphomas are of B-cell origin. AIDS lymphomas in humans are heterogeneous with regard to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) association. Similarly, most lymphomas in monkeys experimentally infected with SIV tested to date were shown to be associated with an EBV-like simian herpes virus. These observations point to the possibility of using SIV-immunodeficient macaques for study of EBV and other oncogenic and immunosuppressive factors in AIDS-associated lymphomagenesis.
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PMID:Malignant lymphoma associated with human AIDS and with SIV-induced immunodeficiency in macaques. 157 Nov 94


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