Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review surveys the available published data on the impact of the type of factor VIII concentrate infused on T-helper lymphocyte count and factor VIII inhibitor induction in haemophiliacs. While concern has been expressed that certain products may have adverse effects on these parameters, only one trial published to date shows a significant benefit of a high purity product in reducing the rate of CD4 lymphocyte decline in HIV seropositive haemophiliacs. A number of other studies show no such significant benefit although the design of many of these might be criticized and few of them consider the potential impact of viral infection other than HIV, such as hepatitis C. More recent data on the incidence and prevalence of inhibitors in the haemophiliac population suggest that the reported high frequency of inhibitor formation for some products may lie within the expected normal range. This raises interest in why some products appear not to induce inhibitor formation, even in the group of patients at greater risk: multitransfused, severely deficient patients. The occasional reports of late onset high titre inhibitors in multitransfused haemophilia patients associated with the introduction of newer products are a matter of concern.
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PMID:The effects of type of factor VIII concentrate used in haemophilia on T-helper cell number and inhibitor incidence. 145 Mar 25

HIV-1 has been spreading according to pattern 1 in Europe and North America. In Kenya and Nigeria, where pattern 2 transmission is established, large increases in the prevalence of antibodies to HIV-1 in non-intravenous drug using (IVDU) female prostitutes were documented before HIV-1 disseminated into the general population. 519 non-IVDU female prostitutes in Spain were studied to assess the prevalence of HIV-1 infection among them and to determine the risk factors for infection in the population. The cross-sectional seroepidemiological study was conducted in four university hospitals in Andalusia, southern Spain. Subjects were of mean age 30 years with range 18-55 years; had an average 59 sex partners/month with range 1-600; and had worked as a prostitute for an average 50 months with range 2-420 months. Respondents answered questionnaires and provided serum samples for analysis. 12/519 or 2.31% were seropositive for HIV-1. Infection was associated with the presence of antibodies to hepatitis C and Treponema pallidum, multiple sex partners, longer history f prostitution, and history of genital ulcers and anal intercourse. Condom use was associated with HIV-1 seronegativity. In sum, relatively low prevalence of HIV-1 infection was found among these sex workers, thereby offering no evidence of a shift from pattern 1 to pattern 2 transmission in the broader population.
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PMID:HIV-1 infection among non-intravenous drug user female prostitutes in Spain. No evidence of evolution to pattern II. 147 40

When bone is transplanted from one person to another, a risk of simultaneous transfer of infectious material is present. Transfer of bacteria is commonest but transmission of Hepatitis virus and HIV have been described. In order to reduce this risk as much as possible, medical and social screening of the donors are recommended together with hepatitis B antigen test (HBsAg), hepatitis C antibody test (anti-HCV) and HIV antibody test. In addition, living donors are preferable on account of the better possibilities for screening. The risk of transfer of HIV is limited at present, if male donors are aged over 60 years and female donors are over 40 years. Removal of the tissue should always be undertaken under sterile conditions. Aerobic and anaerobic culture of multiple bone biopsies from the transplant on removal of the tissue are recommended. Neither freezing nor freeze-drying result in decontamination of the bone. Chemical methods and also irradiation are considered inadequate or injurious to the quality of the bone.
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PMID:[Removal and storage of human bone for transplantation. Directives for infection control]. 153 64

To investigate the prevalence of four blood-borne viruses among a cohort of haemodialysis (HD) patients in Japan, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (anti-HTLV-I), and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (anti-HIV-1) were studied in the sera from 393 consecutive HD patients and in the sera from 786 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals from the general population (controls). The prevalence of anti-HCV and anti-HTLV-I was significantly higher in HD patients than in the controls (17.8% vs. 1.1% and 3.8% vs. 0.5%), but the prevalence of HBsAg showed no significant difference. No patients or controls were positive for anti-HIV-1. In HD patients with no history of blood transfusion, anti-HCV was detected in only one (2.1%) of 48 patients undergoing HD treatment for less than 3 years, and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of anti-HCV in these patients and in the controls. In HD patients who had received blood transfusion, anti-HTLV-I was detected in only one (1.0%) of 103 patients undergoing HD treatment for less than 3 years, and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of anti-HTLV-I in these patients and in the controls. These findings suggest that in recent years, the risk of HCV transmission by routes other than blood transfusion in HD patients is low, and that of HTLV-I transmission by transfusion is very low or non-existent.
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PMID:Prevalence of four blood-borne viruses (HBV, HCV, HTLV-I, HIV-1) among haemodialysis patients in Japan. 157 19

To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in two risk groups, stored serum samples from treated haemophiliacs and intravenous drug users were tested for anti-HCV by both anti-C-100 based and second generation ELISAs (Abbott and Ortho) followed by testing in two confirmatory immunoblot assays that incorporate core as well as other non-structural antigens (Innogenetics LIA and Chiron RIBA-HCV test). Clear evidence of HCV infection was found in all but one of 78 haemophiliacs treated with non-virus inactivated clotting factor concentrates, but in none exposed only to super dry heat-treated concentrates. Only four samples gave rise to conflicting serological results between the four tests, two of these occurred in patients with advanced HIV related disease and almost certainly reflected loss of humoral immunity associated with disease progression, and the others occurred in the only two patients tested who were chronic carriers of hepatitis B infection and may reflect an interaction between the two viruses. Comparison of anti-C-100 versus second generation tests in immunocompetent drug users revealed a false negative rate of 20% using C-100 alone, indicating the advantage of using second generation assays for detection of past or current HCV infection. Of all of the antigens used in the confirmatory assay, positive sera showed strongest and most frequent reactivity with the C22 and C33c proteins (Ortho RIBA).
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PMID:Use of several second generation serological assays to determine the true prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in haemophiliacs treated with non-virus inactivated factor VIII and IX concentrates. 158 Dec 36

We assessed the prevalence and clinical significance of antibodies to hepatitis C virus among a cohort of 148 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Sixteen patients (11%) had anti-hepatitis C virus detectable by enzyme-linked immunoassay. The results from eight of these patients were positive by recombinant immunoblot assay. The results of recombinant immunoblot assay testing were not consistent; therefore the analysis of the patients' data was based on anti-hepatitis C virus enzyme-linked immunoassay results. Patients with chronic hepatitis B with anti-hepatitis C virus were more likely to be cirrhotic (44% vs. 21%) and to have decompensated liver disease (24% vs. 6%). Hepatitis B virus replication appeared to be suppressed in patients with both infections as measured by hepatitis B virus-associated DNA polymerase activity (mean = 2,055 vs. 2,555 cpm). Human immunodeficiency virus infection was more common in the anti-hepatitis C virus positive group (36% vs. 11%). Thus hepatitis C virus appears to suppress hepatitis B virus replication and to cause more severe liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.
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PMID:The significance of antibody to hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B. 164 40

In order to obtain more information on sexual transmission of hepatitis C (HCV) we compared different high-risk groups for HIV and hepatitis B to see if they were seropositive for HCV. A high seroprevalence (38/81) of hepatitis C (HCV) was found among intravenous drug users. Nursing staff (n = 35) and patients of a dialysis unit (n = 57) had a low prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies (0% and 5%, respectively). Serology laboratory technicians also had a very low prevalence (0% out of 29). Among prostitutes (n = 114), healthy homosexual men (n = 132) and HIV-infected homosexual men (n = 31), we found a remarkably low seroprevalence of HCV (3.5%, 0.8% and 0.0% respectively). These data support the view that parenteral exposure to the virus is the most important way of acquiring the infection and that neither heterosexual nor homosexual promiscuity are associated with a high risk of transmission of hepatitis C.
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PMID:Hepatitis C among risk groups for HIV and hepatitis B. 165 May 87

The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was investigated among different populations in Taiwan, where anti-HCV was detected in 0.8% (24/2,994) of adult volunteer blood donors, 0.1% (1/1,305) of youngsters and children, 12.5% (8/64) of adult volunteer blood donors with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 36.5% (23/63) of hemodialysis patients, 4.1% (13/318) of male homosexuals, 25.4% (16/63) of cases positive for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV), 82.2% (578/703) of intravenous drug users (IVDUs), and 10.3% (23/223) of female prostitutes (FPs). Among patients with chronic liver diseases including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the overall prevalence rate for anti-HCV was 34.1% (42/123), and a higher prevalence was noted in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative cases than in HBsAg-positive cases. The prevalence of anti-HCV in volunteer blood donors and high prevalence found in IVDUs, hemodialysis patients, anti-HIV positive cases, and FPs are consistent with those results from other countries. These findings suggest that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is transmitted by both blood-borne and sexual contact routes. Among flavivirus infections, anti-HCV was detected in 0.3% (1/289) and 1.3% (4/310) of Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever patients, respectively. In conclusion, in Taiwan, an area with high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the epidemiological status of HCV infection is similar to that observed in other countries, and no serum cross-reactivity was noticed between HCV and flavivirus infections.
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PMID:Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in different populations in Taiwan. 165 45

The epidemiologic characteristics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among Chinese voluntary blood donors in 18 cities and counties all over the Taiwan Island were studied. Serum specimens of 1,135 randomly selected voluntary blood donors were tested for antibodies to HCV by Ortho enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 18 donors were found to be positive for anti-HCV with a prevalence of 1.6%. Females had a higher prevalence (11/491 = 2.2%) than male (7/644 = 1.1%). The prevalence of anti-HCV for age groups of 18-30, 31-45 and 46-60 years was 2.0%, 0.8% and 0.0%, respectively, for males, as well as 1.7%, 2.0% and 5.0%, respectively, for females. Elevated serum alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) levels were highly associated with an increased anti-HCV prevalence (1.4% and 11.8% for those who had ALT level of less than or equal to 45 and greater than 45 IU/L) in all specimens tested. The HBsAg positivity rate was 4.5% in all specimens tested. There was no significant correlation between HBV and HCV infections. Although those who had a history of surgical operation, tatooing and ear piercing had a higher anti-HCV prevalence than those without such a history (2.8% vs. 1.2%, 4.0% vs. 1.5%, and 2.1% vs. 1.5%, respectively), the differences were not statistically significant. The prevalence was higher in Taipei (4.8%), Taichung (4.4%), Taoyuan (4.0%) than in other counties. The anti-HCV prevalence was 1.5% among qualified blood donors who had a ALT less than or equal to 45 IU/L and were negative on HBsAg, TPHA and anti-HIV tests.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of anti-HCV among voluntary blood donors in Taiwan. 165 46

Since 1986 the factor VIII and IX concentrates of the Central Laboratory, Swiss Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service have been virus inactivated with tri-(n-butyl) phosphate and Tween 80. Clinical studies had shown that both preparations were well tolerated and hemostatically effective; no HIV infection was transmitted. However, safety from transmission of non-A/non-B hepatitis could not be shown since the study included no previously untreated patients. In the meantime, a laboratory test has become available which allows retrospective testing for anti-hepatitis C antibodies in frozen sera of the study patients. 5 of the 26 patients, observed during a 2-year follow-up study, had no HCV antibodies before entering the long-term trial. During this trial, each of these 5 patients substituted an average quantity of 40,200 coagulation factor units (7500-69,000) from 45 production lots. None of these 5 patients developed anti-HCV antibodies, nor did any of them show clinical signs of infection with hepatitis. This suggests that virus inactivation using solvent/detergent treatment reduces the risk of transmission of HCV.
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PMID:[No HCV seroconversion in hemophilia following substitution with virus-inactivated coagulation factor VIII and IX concentrates]. 165 28


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