Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

These guidelines for the treatment of patients who have sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were developed by CDC staff members after consultation with a group of invited experts who met in Atlanta on February 10-12, 1997. The information in this report updates the "1993 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines" (MMWR 1993;42[no. RR-14]). Included are new recommendations for treatment of primary and recurrent genital herpes and management of pelvic inflammatory disease; a new patient-applied medication for treatment of genital warts; and a revised approach to the management of victims of sexual assault. Revised sections describe the evaluation of urethritis and the diagnostic evaluation of congenital syphilis. These guidelines also include expanded sections concerning STDs among infants, children, and pregnant women and the management of patients who have asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection, genital warts, and genital herpes. Guidelines are provided for vaccine-preventable STDs, including recommendations for the use of hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines.
 ...
PMID:1998 guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 946 Oct 53

Sexual exposures every time were associated with increased risks for transmission of infectious agents. In the different kinds of infectious hepatitis actual hepatitis B is sexual transmitted mainly. The most effective prevention is possible by immunization early in the lifetime. Hepatitis C very rarely is sexual transmitted. There is no strong correlation between viral load and risk of transmission by sexual contacts. Like in other infectious diseases including the HIV-infection only the use of condoms and avoiding of unprotected sexual intercourse is the most effective preventive measure.
 ...
PMID:[Sexually transmitted liver diseases: infection risk and prevention possibilities]. 947 40

Hepatic lesions were analyzed in 33 patients with HIV-infection. The patients were divided into two groups by the disease stage: early (stage IIB, IIIA, n = 12) and late (stage IIIB and IIIC, n = 21). Markers of hepatitis A, B and C were found in 42.4% of patients. Patients of group 1 had acute and chronic viral hepatitides (75%), hepatic alcoholic damage. Patients of group 2 developed combined hepatic lesions resultant from generalized bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections (66.7%), chronic hepatitides and viral cirrhoses (33.3%), alcohol abuse (33.3%). Elevated levels of the enzymes (AsAT, AlAT, LDG) at early stages of HIV-infection were brought about by hepatic involvement while at late stages by polyorganic abnormalities.
 ...
PMID:[The etiological structure and characteristics of liver involvement in patients with HIV infection]. 948 42

The occurrence of plasmodial giant cells in the liver is probably a morphological reaction pattern with the most diverse causes. In babies and infants, these changes occur in particular in neonatal hepatitis and intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct atresia. Viral infections and/or autoimmune reactions are discussed etiologically in giant cell hepatitis in adults (adult gaint cell hepatitis, AGCH), which is much rarer. In some of the cases, there were conspicuously high titers against paramyxoviruses. Giant cell hepatitis can occur in the course of HIV infection. These both indicate an infectious cause. However, the disease cannot be transmitted to chimpanzees. Apart from our case, only one further case is described in the literature in which a completed hepatitis A infection could be demonstrated serologically. In addition, the titer of antinuclear antibodies was raised in our patient. This autoimmune phenomenon is probably of crucial pathogenetic significance in our patient, especially since a hepatitis A infection on its own does not afford an adequate etiological explanation for the form of chronic and active hepatitis with consecutive cirrhotic transformation observed here.
 ...
PMID:[Adult giant cell hepatitis with fatal outcome. Clinicopathologic case report and reflections on pathogenesis]. 964 48

Infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can be transmitted by human blood products. Of major importance are viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1/2), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I/II). Also, other viruses such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human parvovirus B19, and hepatitis A and G viruses can be transmitted by blood products. Various methods are used to prevent transmission of blood-borne agents to recipients, such as donor selection, testing donated blood for various infectious agents, and viral inactivation of plasma derivatives. With all these precautionary measures, the estimated risk for infection by screened blood components in Europe and the United States is approximately 1 in 50,000 to 1.6 million (for HBV, HCV, and HIV-1/2) transfused blood components. In the future, the safety of blood components may be increased by testing donated blood by nucleic acid amplification techniques and by photochemical decontamination of cellular blood components.
 ...
PMID:Transfusion-transmissible infections. 981 46

Patients in the industrialized world are at low risk of acquiring nosocomial infections; nevertheless, several aspects of care in the hospital or clinic can place patients at risk from infectious disease transmission. Paramount to the prevention of disease is the strict adherence to universal precautions for all patients. Tuberculosis has again emerged as a potential epidemic capable of dramatic morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization estimated that 22.6 million people were infected with HIV and that 50 million would be infected by the year 2000. The main types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A through G. The chance of transmitting hepatitis B virus is higher than the chance of transmitting HIV. As knowledge regarding the pathophysiology and transmission of these diseases has increased in recent years, some insight has also been gained into the problems related to transmission of diseases between individuals. This paper will discuss the transmission of tuberculosis, hepatitis and HIV as related to the dental setting and health-care workers.
 ...
PMID:Transmission of infectious disease in the dental setting. 984 66

A series of experiments was performed to assess the ability of the heat treatment step used in the manufacture of diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) to inactivate viruses. In-process solutions (reaction mixtures after the crosslinking process) from six different manufacturing lots were used as test media in a 1:680 scaled down system in which the key process parameters used in the large scale production were duplicated. The inactivation of five different viruses (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Pseudorabies Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1, Porcine Parvovirus and Hepatitis A Virus) was evaluated. Each validation experiment consisted of spiking the solution at 37 degrees C with virus, heating to 74 +/- 1 degrees C over a period of 30 minutes, holding at 74 +/- 1 degrees C for 90 minutes and cooling from 74 +/- 1 degrees C to less than 10 degrees C over a period of 30 minutes. Duplicate experiments were performed with each of the viruses with the exception of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1, for which three experiments were performed. In each experiment samples were removed before, during, and after heating for the purpose of determining virus titer and evaluating key process parameters. The results obtained from these experiments confirmed that the key process parameters in these experiments using the scaled down test system reproduced those of the large scale manufacturing process. The results of the virus assays showed at least a 7 log reduction was accomplished by the heat treatment for each of the viruses tested.
 ...
PMID:Validation of the heat treatment step used in the production of diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) for viral inactivation. 984 23

Hepatitis A, also known as infectious hepatitis, remains one of the more commonly transmitted types of viral hepatitis in the United States. Given the high prevalence of this illness, clinicians need to be aware not only about the clinical manifestations of this disease, but also about the special considerations that must be taken into account for persons coinfected with HIV. Antiretroviral management during acute hepatitis infection may be complicated by elevations of serum liver enzyme tests as well as by severe manifestations of associated symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. This article provides a brief overview of the clinical course of HIV infection and includes recommendations for antiretroviral medication management during acute illness. Additionally, strategies for prevention of disease are presented, with a focus on the efficacy and use of hepatitis A vaccines in persons with HIV.
 ...
PMID:Hepatitis A and HIV: a clinical review of disease and strategies for prevention. 1006 8

Three batches of two diagnostic test kits for the in-house control (IHC) HIV infection were made up of the 8 pools of sera, containing antibodies to all antigens of HIV-1 (4) and HIV-negative sera (4) obtained from healthy donors. All sera used for this purpose did not contain antibodies to viruses of hepatitis A, B, C. In the process of the preparation of the batches of diagnostic test kits for IHC 500 individual donor sera and more than 100 of individual sera of HIV-infected persons were studied. The sera under study were also tested for the presence (absence) of specific antibodies to HIV-1,2 and viruses of hepatitis A, B, C. The evaluation of IHC in 300,000 tests under the conditions of a screening laboratory and 550 verification tests was done. The study revealed that the use of IHC makes it possible to improve the conditions of work with commercial diagnostic test kits, to introduce the semiquantitative determination of the level of specific antibodies on verification tests and, on the whole, to standardize the tests.
 ...
PMID:[The theory and practice of using in-house control in screening and verification studies for the diagnosis of HIV infection]. 1009 6

This paper reviews data on the mutual relationship between pregnancy and viral hepatitis and the mother-to-infant transmission of the virus. In the western world, hepatitis A, B or C do not seem to influence the course of pregnancy, or to be associated with foetal risks. In contrast, women who contract a hepatitis E infection in their third trimester of pregnancy have a relatively high probability to develop a fulminant hepatitis. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis A seems to be very uncommon. On the contrary, HBsAg and HBeAg positive mothers have a 80-90% risk to transmit the disease to their offspring, more than 85% of these becoming chronic carriers of HBsAg. The risk depends on the level of viral replication. In HBsAg positive and HBeAg negative mothers the rate of transmission is only 2-15%, these babies rarely become carriers. A possible explanation is the transplacental passage of the HBeAg making the infant tolerant to the hepatitis B virus. As most of the infections occur during or directly after delivery, the neonates are suitable for postexposure prophylaxis. It is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics that newborns of HBsAg positive mothers should receive hepatitis B immunoglobulins within 12 hours after birth concurrently with the first paediatric dose of the vaccine. Vaccination should be completed at 1 and 6 months. This regimen confers a protective efficacy of > or = 90%. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C is considered to be relatively rare, around 11% when HCV-RNA is positive. The highest rates of vertical transmission of HCV are noted in women with high HCV-RNA level or concurrent HIV infection. The risk is extremely low when no HCV-RNA is detected. There is currently no treatment to prevent this vertical transmission; routine screening of all mothers is unwarranted, and pregnancies among HCV-positive mothers should not be discouraged, but their infants should be tested for anti-HCV at 1 year and followed for the development of hepatitis. Breast feeding does not seem to play an important role in the transmission of hepatitis B and C.
 ...
PMID:Viral hepatitis and pregnancy. 1033 96


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>