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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By 1995, measles, mumps, and rubella were eliminated from Finland, acellular vaccines for pertussis were showing great promise, and the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000 looked possible. The meningococcus was replacing Haemophilus influenzae type b as the main cause of childhood meningitis, and 75 countries were vaccinating their children against hepatitis B. The United States recommended varicella vaccination for children, effective vaccines were available for hepatitis A, and new vaccines for rotavirus and cholera were being tested; malaria and HIV offer a continuing challenge.
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PMID:Update on immunization. 868 May 9

The transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) associated with use of FVIII concentrates has been reported in a number of European countries. All of these cases were associated with products inactivated by use of solvent detergent treatment. These reports have emphasized the necessity of evaluating virus inactivation methodologies for their ability to inactivate HAV. Such studies had previously been hampered by the difficulties associated with titration of HAV, because of the minimal cytopathic effect of most strains of virus on tissue culture cells. We have developed a simple, rapid, TCID50 virus titration system using a cytopathic strain of HAV which allows extensive kinetic studies of HAV inactivation. This has been compared with the standard radioimmunofocus forming (RFF) assay which is presently used for HAV titration. The reproducibility of the TCID50 assay was demonstrated to be equal to that of the RFF assay and the 95% confidence intervals for titres determined by both assays were also equal. The thermal stability of the cytopathic strain was studied and shown to be equivalent to that of a noncytopathic strain. The kinetics of HAV inactivation by heating in aqueous solution were compared to those of HIV-1 and a number of model viruses. It was demonstrated that HAV was highly stable, with 5 hours heat treatment at 60 degrees C in aqueous solution being required to inactivate 5.8 log10 virus. In contrast to heating in aqueous solution, lyophilization followed by 1 hour vapor heating at 60 degrees C was sufficient to inactivate 5.9 log10 HAV.
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PMID:Determination of the inactivation kinetics of hepatitis A virus in human plasma products using a simple TCID50 assay. 873 64

Most haemophiliacs treated with non-virally-inactivated clotting factor concentrates have been infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). We have studied the natural history of chronic HCV infection by following all 138 HCV-positive patients from our centre for periods of up to 28 years. As well as the clinical and biochemical characteristics, we studied 116 liver samples from 63 patients obtained at elective biopsy (n = 103) or autopsy (n = 13). 36 (26%) of the patients were HIV positive, and three were chronic carriers of hepatitis B. Evidence of previous exposure to hepatitis A and B was found in 37.2% and 48.1% respectively. Raised transaminase levels were found in 82.6% of patients. 11 of 15 patients with normal transaminases tested by PCR for HCV RNA were positive, indicating that most patients, even in this group, have chronic hepatitis C infection. Cirrhosis was diagnosed by liver histology in 19 patients, and nine patients developed liver failure. The incidence of cirrhosis rose rapidly 15 years after HCV infection to 15.6 per 1000 person-years. Multivariate analysis showed that HIV status, length of time since HCV infection and age at HCV infection were independently associated with both the development of cirrhosis and liver failure. Two patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma: one of these was exposed only to a single batch of FVIII concentrate 11 years earlier. Chronic hepatitis C is increasingly recognized as a major cause for morbidity and mortality in haemophiliacs, especially those who are HIV positive and who were infected at an older age.
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PMID:The natural history of chronic hepatitis C in haemophiliacs. 907 37

The safety and immunogenicity of subcutaneously (s.c.) administered hepatitis A (HA) vaccine was evaluated in HIV positive and negative patients with haemophilia and healthy male controls. The vaccine was well tolerated. Seroconversion occurred among all controls after one dose of vaccine but was delayed among patients, particularly if HIV-positive-4 of 17 (24%) failed to respond to three doses of vaccine. Following the third dose of vaccine, geometric mean titres were significantly higher among controls (1354) than among HIV infected patients (204) (P < 0.05). Non-responders failed to develop an immune response following boosting with high titre vaccine. Patients with haemophilia may be vaccinated against HA s.c. but consideration should be given to ensuring that HIV-positive individuals with haemophilia and other immunosuppressed individuals should have their immune responses checked since additional booster doses or passive prophylaxis may be necessary in such individuals.
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PMID:Hepatitis A vaccine responses in HIV-positive persons with haemophilia. 887 99

In order to increase the virus safety of a solvent/detergent-treated Factor VIII concentrate in regard to non-lipid coated viruses and to respond to the continuous discussion about reports on hepatitis A transmission by Factor VIII preparations, we have investigated the effect of a terminal dry heat treatment (30 min 100 degrees C) on HAV and various other viruses. By this treatment Hepatitis A virus was inactivated below detectable level after a few minutes (> 5.3 log10). Other RNA viruses such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (> 6.6 log10), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (> 6.6 log10) and vesicular stomatitis virus (> 5.8 log10) were also inactivated below detectable level. Pseudo rabies virus and reovirus Type 3 are inactivated by 5.7 and > 6.0 log10, respectively. SV40 and bovine parvo virus showed significant resistance to dry heat treatment. We conclude that the involvement of two strong virus inactivation steps, acting by different mechanisms, improves the virus safety of Factor VIII concentrates without destroying the Factor VIII activity. Moreover, the terminal 100 degrees C heat treatment for 30 min represents an effective measure to inactivate non-lipid enveloped viruses, in particular hepatitis A, which is resistant to solvent/detergent treatment.
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PMID:Improvement of virus safety of a S/D-treated factor VIII concentrate by additional dry heat treatment at 100 degrees C. 888 59

In China, health care delivery follows a three-tiered structure set up in the 1950s for rural and urban areas. In 1990, China set baseline criteria for primary health care in rural areas which is largely funded by a reestablished rural cooperative medical care financing system. Financing reform efforts in urban areas are using a model through which contributions are collected from salaries and from local governments and other public organizations. The overall incidence of infectious diseases is more than 500/100,000 people, but associated mortality has declined. Diseases covered by the Expanded Programme of Immunology have been controlled, but China is at high risk for viral hepatitis (epidemics of hepatitis A infections occurred in 1988), and incidence of tuberculosis has increased. In addition, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is spreading rapidly with an estimated 50,000-100,000 infected. Parasitic diseases are also widespread, and causes of death seen in developed countries (hypertension, stroke, coronary health disease, cancer, and diabetes) are increasing. With 510 million people living in iodine-deficient areas, iodine deficiency diseases have disabled an estimated 8 million people. China has promised to eradicate iodine-deficiency by the year 2000. The disabling Kaschin-Beck disease is also endemic in China. Occupational diseases threaten nearly 20 million Chinese people, and the prevalence of smoking and alcohol abuse is increasing, especially among young people. By the year 2000, 10% of the population will be older than 60, and 30% of this group will have health problems requiring care. The health care system is, thus, undergoing rapid change to meet its new challenges.
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PMID:Health care delivery system and major health issues in China. 898 46

To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infection in female inmates, 504 out of 513 female inmates in a certain female prison in Japan were tested for anti-hepatitis C virus, anti-hepatitis B virus, anti-hepatitis A virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus makers. They were also interviewed with regard to past history of blood transfusion, tattooing, acupuncture, intravenous drug abuse, and psychiatric disease. Prevalence of seropositives for anti-hepatitis C virus antibody was found to be significantly higher in prisoners who had a history of intravenous drug abuse (63%) compared to the controls (4.5%). There was no difference between the two groups in prevalence of seropositivity for anti-hepatitis B, anti-hepatitis A and anti-human immunodeficiency virus. Of all inmates who had a history of intravenous drug abuse, anti-hepatitis C positives used drugs longer and in greater quantities than anti-hepatitis C negatives. From these results it is concluded that intravenous drug abuse is a predominant risk factor for hepatitis C virus infection.
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PMID:[Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infection among female prison inmates in Japan]. 909 54

New prophylactic or treatment options are available for a number of infectious diseases that may be transmitted in the health care setting. Infectious diseases that can now be prevented by vaccination of the employee include hepatitis A, pertussis, hepatitis B, and primary varicella. New prophylactic or treatment regimens are available for Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bordetella pertussis; treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is also discussed. Finally, management of the HIV-infected health care worker is reviewed.
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PMID:Frontiers of occupational health. New vaccines, new prophylactic regimens, and management of the HIV-infected worker. 918 49

The seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) was measured through use of data from a 1992-93 case-control study of patients with chronic liver diseases conducted at Kamenge University Hospital in Bujumbura, Burundi. 97.7% of subjects were anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV)-positive. In contrast, the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG was only 14%. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers were as follows: HBV surface antigen, 4.7%; antibody to HBV surface antigen, 55.8%; and antibody to HBV core antigen, 65.1%. The prevalence for all 3 HBV markers combined was 77.6%. No seropositivity was found for anti-hepatitis D virus among subjects positive for HBV surface antigen (4.7%) or for antibody to HBV core antigen (17.1%). 27.1% were anti-hepatitis C virus-positive. The prevalence of HIV was 30.2%. The presence of serologic markers of hepatitis A, B, and C virus was not associated with that of antibody to hepatitis E or HIV. Previous studies have found high rates of HEV in areas that have experienced high rainfall and flooding. The relatively low rate of HEV recorded in this study may reflect the fact that most Bujumbura residents use drinking water pumped from the middle of Lake Tanganyika and piped to taps near homes.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in an adult urban population from Burundi. 931 35

The influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and vaccination schedule on the immunogenicity of a hepatitis A vaccine was examined. Ninety HIV-infected homosexual men received two vaccinations with hepatitis A vaccine (each 2 mL of 720 ELISA units/mL) either 1 or 6 months apart; 44 HIV-uninfected men received vaccine at study entry and at 6 months. Anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) titer after vaccination was measured in 83 HIV-positive and 39 HIV-negative men. Seroconversion (anti-HAV antibody > or = 20 IU/L) after two vaccinations occurred more frequently in HIV-negative men (100% vs. 88.2%; P = .03). Anti-HAV titer after two vaccinations was also significantly greater in HIV-negative men (1086 vs. 101 IU/L; P = .0001). HIV-positive men who responded to vaccination had significantly more CD4 lymphocytes (mean, 540/microL) at baseline than those who did not (280/microL; P = .033). Vaccine schedule did not affect response. Vaccination of susceptible patients against HAV should be recommended early in HIV infection using the shorter course to encourage compliance.
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PMID:Response to hepatitis A vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -uninfected homosexual men. 933 68


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