Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of hepatitis A-, B- and C-markers has been studied in patients at a Norwegian rehabilitation centre for drug addicts. The prevalence of hepatitis C-antibodies was fairly constant in the years 1976 (56%), 1985 (78%) and 1988-89 (73%), but may be decreasing in younger addicts. The data suggest a highly variable incidence of HAV with few infections in recent years. The prevalence of hepatitis B-markers, which has been calculated from 1975 to 1988-89, reached a maximum of 93% in 1986. Since then a significant decrease in prevalence has been observed among younger patients, suggesting that the HIV campaign has led to improved hygiene precautions among intravenous drug addicts. A strong correlation was observed between positive markers for HBV and presence of anti-HCV, and, similarly, between the presence of anti-HAV and markers for HBV and HCV. Anti-HCV was significantly associated with pathological ALT-values.
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PMID:[Hepatitis A-, B- and C-markers among Norwegian drug addicts in the period 1975-89]. 190 31

This overview provides a discussion of the special concerns of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) for women, particularly because of its asymptomatic character; screening; primary prevention; e.g., abstinence, selection of sexual partners restriction of sexual activities, use of barriers (condoms, vaginal spermicides, diaphragm in conjunction with spermicides), and vaccines; and the role of the gynecologist in StD prevention. Gonorrhea and chlamydial infection are usually asymptomatic STD infections in women; long term sequelae are pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and pregnancy complications. There is an increased risk of cervical cancer. Infection is lifelong for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HIV and malingering for chronic hepatitis B (HPB). Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) and HSV infections cannot be identified serologically. The fetus can be fatally or severely affected by STDs. Abstinence is the only effective prevention for STDs. Likelihood of infection may be reduced by limiting partners, but how partners are chosen and knowledge of infection is a more important determinant. Partners need to be asked about current symptoms, history of STDs, multiple partners, and history of known STD partners, as well as past history of homosexual activity, intravenous drug use, hemophilia, and previous exposure to high-risk persons for STDs. Visible genital warts or lesions, wartlike growths, ulcers, or rash need explanations. Avoidance of oral anal and digital anal activity reduces transmission of hepatitis A, giardiasis, amebiasis, and shigellosis. Any mechanical barrier that remains intact should reduce the risk of STD; barriers specifically covering the cervix are excellent. Condom use is effective when used as follows: 1) at the onset of sexual activity, 2) without petroleum jelly or baby oil on latex, 3) with care of fingernails which may tear holes, 4) with complete withdrawal of the penis before complete detumescence, and 5) with a withdrawal hold at the base of the penis. Spermicides, such as nonoxynol 9, are effective against STDs. Diaphragm use with spermicide may be effective because of the spermicide. There is a reduced risk of transmission of HSV or HPV to a partner. Vaccines are only available for hepatitis B. Obstetrics and gynecology residency training in STDs in unavailable in 4 out of 5 medical schools, and gynecologists are ethically obligated to accurately inform about STD diagnosis, treatment, and diagnosis.
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PMID:Avoiding sexually transmitted diseases. 209 42

When the blood or bone marrow collections are provided and treated subsequently, two types of biohazards may occur. The first of them resides in bacterial contamination at collection and following manipulation. The second is represented by endengering both recipients and staff with prelevement of infected tissues. Contemporary blood collections are at most risk from the transfer of infectious hepatitis and HIV virus. Possible risk-factors are analysed from the transfer of serious infections through the use of hypothermic and cryothermic conservation as well as freeze-drying.
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PMID:Biological risks of the conservation of transfusion preparations by low temperature. 209 98

Serum specimens from 111 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected and 183 HIV-1 seronegative patients were analysed for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay. Anti-HCV and anti-HBV antibodies were found in the vast majority (89 and 83%, respectively) of intravenous drug addicts (IVDA), independent of the type of drug abuse or whether the patients were HIV-1 infected or not. Anti-HAV antibodies were found in 60% of the IVDA. Anti-HCV antibodies were found in anti-HIV-1 positive homosexual men (14%) and anti-HIV-1 negative heterosexual persons (8%), but not in HIV-1 seronegative homosexual men. Also anti-HAV antibodies were found to a small extent in these groups. In contrast, anti-HBV antibodies were common in the homosexual men. The absorbance values of the positive reactions in the anti-HCV ELISA were lower for HIV-1 seropositive patients than those for HIV-1 seronegative subjects, particularly in the late stages of HIV-1 infection. These data suggest that HCV infection is transmitted as readily as HBV infection by intravenous drug abuse and that all three types of hepatitis virus infection are common in IVDA. Although transmission of HCV is primarily mediated by blood, sexual transmission may also occur. HIV-1 infection seems to be associated with unusually low levels of anti-HCV antibodies, especially in the late stages of HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus infection in individuals with or without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. 212 86

306 children who received polytransfusion or exchange transfusion between 1979 and 1983 and 104 age-matched controls were re-examined at a median age of 2.9 years for hepatitis A and B, CMV, EBV, and HIV infections. This retrospective study revealed no differences between transfused children and controls. HBsAg and anti-HIV were not detected. Two children were suspected of having hepatitis C. In both groups the incidence of positive CMV and EBV serologies was significantly increased in children from Mediterranean countries. Red cell concentrates were less frequently associated with CMV infection. These results confirm the exclusive recruitment of volunteer donors from a "healthy", mainly rural population and support the preferred use of red cell concentrates in paediatric patients.
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PMID:[Hepatitis A, B, CMV, EBV and HIV infections in premature and term newborn infants following polytransfusion]. 217 5

For 9 months, 38 transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia, ranging in age from 3.4 to 19.1 years, were observed for serologic evidence of viral infections, by the collection of serial serum samples. Seventy-six age-matched healthy subjects, two for each patient, were followed as controls. Samples taken at the beginning, middle, and end of the study were tested against 18 viral antigens by complement fixation (CF). In addition, tests for antibodies to HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis A virus, and markers for hepatitis B virus were performed. When changes in the antibody titer on CF tests (greater than or equal to 2-fold increase or decrease) or persistently high titers (greater than or equal to 64) were revealed, specific enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for IgM and IgA antibodies were performed concomitant with CF tests in all sera. When symptomatic infections occurred, viral cultures and/or direct detection of antigens were carried out by immunofluorescence methods, EIA, or latex agglutination tests. Thalassemic patients and controls had similar (p greater than 0.05) overall rates of serologically confirmed viral infections (53 versus 132), but the former group had a higher (p less than 0.01) incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections (9 versus 4). CMV infections were associated in the thalassemic patients with hepatitis (2 cases), lymphadenitis (2 cases), and upper respiratory tract infection (1 case), while the remaining cases of CMV had a subclinical course. Moreover, the thalassemic patients had a lower (p less than 0.01) incidence of symptomatic infections (27 versus 110) than controls. Therefore, this study showed that both symptomatic and subclinical CMV infections may occur often in thalassemic patients, who otherwise have subclinical viral infections at an overall rate similar to that in healthy subjects.
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PMID:Viral infections in transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia major: the predominant role of cytomegalovirus. 217 79

To investigate the epidemiology of HIV infection among intravenous drug abusers (IVDA) in Berlin (West), from October 1984 to October 1988, 741 heterosexual IVDA were recruited from facilities for drug treatment and counseling. In this group 22.8% were seropositive for antibodies against HIV, representing 21.1% of the females and 23.5% of the males. Seroprevalences of hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and lues were 67.7%, 40.1%, and 4.0%, respectively. Seropositivity for HIV antibodies correlated with positive seromarkers for hepatitis B and A, and with certain behavioral and social features such as sharing of injection equipment, imprisonment, and intravenous drug use in prison. The crude time trend of HIV seroprevalence shows an increase from 17.1% in those subjects who discontinued i.v. drug abuse in 1983 or earlier to 31.5% in 1985, and a decrease over the past 3 years to 14.1% in 1988. After adjusting for temporary changes in the study group, the estimated HIV seroprevalence odds show an almost steady increase and were significantly higher for those who were injecting drugs in 1987 and 1988 compared with those who stopped i.v. drug use before 1984. Thus IVDA with a persistent risk profile are at a still-increasing risk of acquiring HIV infection.
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PMID:HIV infection in intravenous drug abusers in Berlin: risk factors and time trends. 234 45

Sera from 367 patients presumed to have NANB hepatitis were screened for reverse transcriptase activity. In 29 cases significantly increased enzyme activities could be observed. In contrast, sera from 338 patients did not contain significant reverse transcriptase activities. 207 healthy individuals, 7 patients with hepatitis A and 6 patients with hepatitis B who served as controls were all negative for reverse transcriptase activity. The specificity of the enzyme assay was demonstrated by estimation of reverse transcriptase activity in sera from 10 "healthy" HIV-1-antibody positive individuals. In 3 out of 10 cases significant reverse transcriptase activity was observed associated with the human immunodeficiency virus. Our results indicate that the presence of particle-associated reverse transcriptase activity in serum from patients with NANB hepatitis is indicative of the presence of a retrovirus-like agent in these cases. However, the relatively low prevalence of reverse transcriptase positive cases associated with the NANB hepatitis makes it rather questionable whether this agent is a frequent and specific factor in the etiology of NANB hepatitis.
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PMID:Low prevalence of particle-associated reverse transcriptase activity in serum from patients with non A - non B hepatitis. 244 38

To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis virus markers and human T-cell lymphotropic virus infections among drug abusers in Japan, serum samples were collected from 91 male drug abusers at the Shinshu University Hospital and the rehabilitation facility in Matsumoto and from 519 healthy male blood donors as controls. Sera were tested for antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), immunoglobulin M anti-HBc (IgM anti-HBc), antibody to hepatitis D virus (anti-HDV), antibody to HTLV type 1 (anti-HTLV 1), and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV). The prevalence of anti-HAV was 13.2% in drug abusers and 10.8% in controls (not significant). The prevalences of HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc and exposure rate to hepatitis B virus (HBV) were 4.4%, 24.2%, 31.9%, and 35.2%, respectively, in drug abusers and 0.8%, 6.7%, 9.6%, and 9.6% in controls. The exposure rate to HBV was significantly different (P less than 0.001). IgM anti-HBc and anti-HDV were not detected in any sera. Anti-HTLV I was detected in three drug abusers (3.3%) and in one (0.2%) of the controls (P less than 0.01). All sera were negative for anti-HIV in all subjects. Infection with HBV and HTLV I is more common among drug abusers than in the general population of blood donors in Japan.
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PMID:Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A, B, and D viruses and human T-lymphocyte tropic viruses in Japanese drug abusers. 255 57

A serologic study of hepatitis and HIV infections among 99 I.V. drug abusers with hepatitis was conducted between December 1986 and September 1987. The average age of the study subjects was 21 years. Eighty-nine (90%) of the subjects were male, including four whose sexual orientation was homosexual/bisexual. Serologic tests indicated that 87 of the 99 subjects had hepatitis B virus infections, 62 acute and 25 chronic. Nine (10%) of these 87 patients were coinfected with the delta agent. Two subjects had acute cases of hepatitis A, and the 10 remaining subjects had non-A non-B hepatitis. Forty-seven of the study subjects were also found to be infected with HIV-1. The prevalence of the delta marker was surprisingly high, because Argentina has been regarded as nonendemic for the delta virus. Given the trend of increasing I.V. drug abuse in Argentina, these results presage a significant increase in the delta agent's prevalence in the immediate future.
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PMID:HIV-1 infection in intravenous drug abusers with clinical manifestations of hepatitis in the city of Buenos Aires. 272 Feb 56


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