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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review has focused on a select group of viruses that can be sexually transmitted. The viruses include the herpesviruses, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, delta virus, non-A, non-B hepatitis virus(es), and molluscum contagiosum. Their impact on the population alone or in association with HIV disease necessitates a clear understanding of their ability to cause infection and of the manifestations of these infections. Characterization of these particular pathogens and treatment have been discussed with respect to the most current data available. Despite the growing sophistication in the field, we are still limited in our endeavors to identify and manage many viral infections. Therefore, measures to prevent transmission are continually being evaluated in an attempt to minimize exposure to these pathogens.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted viruses other than HIV and papillomavirus. 131 May 46

The number of people travelling of the tropical countries is in constant progression and today represents about 5% of the population of the developed countries. Mortality is mainly accidental. Morbidity essentially concerns transmissible diseases. Diarrhoeal symptoms occur in 20-55% of travellers, are bacterial in 2 cases out of 3, and can be prevented. Cholera should soon have an efficient oral vaccine. Hepatitis A is frequent in some travellers (2-3%) and can be prevented by vaccination. Hepatitis E is beginning to be observed. Strongyloidiasis can in some cases evolve to serious complications; it may be latent, so should be sought systematically after any visit to the tropics. Most affections on returning to the industrialised world concern paludism of the Plasmodium falciparum type, leading to a still high mortality rate of 400 per year in Europe, while the preventive and curative means available are sufficient. Any fever should therefore be suspected and suitable treatment given. Other causes of fever are acute viral hepatitis, typhoid fever, the arboviroses, and numerous other conditions. Dermatoses represent the third reason for consultation on returning. These mainly concern pruriginous symptoms with filariases and abnormal hosts being evidenced. Furunculous lesions indicate a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniosis or myases. Any form of pruritus should suggest a diagnosis of HIV infection, or pruritus should suggest a diagnosis of HIV infection, or particularly trypanosomiasis. The risk of sexually transmissible disease is overall 6-fold higher in tropical travellers; advice before travelling is therefore of paramount importance. Should a seropositive subject travel to the tropics?(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Epidemiology and clinical aspects of imported tropical diseases]. 141 Sep 2

Recent reports of transmission by intravenous gamma-globulin preparations of A, B, C and non-A non-B hepatitis (NANBH), including several cases that progressed to severe liver damage and death, have raised concerns about the safety of intravenous gamma-globulins. To assess this issue 15 patients treated with high-dose "intravenous immunoglobulin" (IVIG) for Graves' Ophthalmopathy had serial determination of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), gamma glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT), alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin that were performed regularly at interval of 3 weeks during IVIG treatment and 6 months after the end of the treatment. Hepatitis A, B, C and HIV markers were determined before, during and 6 months after the end of the treatment. The standard dosage was 400 mg per Kg body weight IVIG (3 cycles of 5 days and 12 of 1 day, every 21 days). Transient minor elevations were observed for GPT, for GOT, for gamma-GT and alkaline phosphatase. None of the elevations were considered indicative of NANBH or of any chronic hepatic disease. Transient presence of hepatitis A, B and C antibodies were observed in 6 patients. All patients remained negative for hepatitis B antigens throughout the study. HIV antibodies resulted always negative in all patients. In conclusion this study suggests the hepatitis and HIV safety of IVIG.
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PMID:[Liver function tests, hepatitis A, B, C markers and HIV antibodies in patients with Basedow's ophthalmopathy treated with intravenous immunoglobulins]. 146

Surveys have shown that dentists are reluctant to treat persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, dentists are much more willing to treat patients with infectious hepatitis B virus (HBV). This study shows that the annual cumulative risk of infection from routine treatment of patients whose seropositivity is undisclosed is 57 times greater from HBV than from HIV, and that the risk of dying from HBV infection is 1.7 times greater than the risk of HIV infection, for which mortality is almost certain.
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PMID:What is the dentist's occupational risk of becoming infected with hepatitis B or the human immunodeficiency virus? 154 81

Four years after an HIV infection and without any preceding illness characteristic of AIDS, a 24-year-old woman developed dyspnoea on exertion and peripheral oedema. She had for several years been an intravenous drug addict and contracted hepatitis A and B. There were no symptoms of the HIV infection. Clinical, radiological and echocardiographic examination demonstrated right ventricular failure caused by pulmonary hypertension not due to pulmonary embolism or another known aetiology. The patient died suddenly 9 months after the diagnosis from heart failure. Autopsy established primary pulmonary hypertension with pathognomonic plexogenic pulmonary arterial disease which had led to cor pulmonale with overload myocarditis. Although there had been no clinical signs of renal failure, there was histological evidence of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis and non-destructive interstitial nephritis. This case demonstrates that, in addition to the typical AIDS-associated diseases, other rarer syndromes may, in uncertain ways but connected with the HIV infection, decide the prognosis of such patients.
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PMID:[Primary pulmonary hypertension and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in HIV infection]. 158 15

We report the development of severe hepatotoxicity in a patient on zidovudine therapy who received 3.3 g of acetaminophen in less than 36 hours. Three days later, the patient's serum aspartate aminotransferase level was 5,724 U/L, alanine aminotransferase was 3,124 U/L, lactate dehydrogenase was 12,675 U/L, alkaline phosphatase was 84 U/L, and total bilirubin was 20 mumol/L. These values substantially improved over the ensuing 4 days. Serologic results for hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and cytomegalovirus were all negative. The pattern and time sequence of transaminase elevation in this patient are consistent with acute acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, especially since zidovudine-induced hepatotoxicity is described as producing cholestasis rather than acute hepatitis. We hypothesize that our patient's susceptibility to acetaminophen-dependent hepatotoxicity may have been augmented by competitive utilization of glucuronidation by other drugs such as zidovudine and/or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with subsequent increased cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of acetaminophen. Additionally, due to malnutrition and/or to human immunodeficiency virus infection per se, our patient may have had decreased hepatic reserves of glutathione with which to conjugate the toxic acetaminophen product of the P450 system. Although severe acetaminophen-associated hepatotoxicity has not previously been reported in patients receiving zidovudine, we suggest that clinicians be aware of this potential interaction and counsel malnourished patients, especially those with concomitant hepatic disease, to exercise caution when taking both these medications.
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PMID:Severe hepatotoxicity in a patient receiving both acetaminophen and zidovudine. 836 34

Serological markers of hepatitis A, B, and Delta and human immunodeficiency viruses were studied in 25 children receiving cancer chemotherapy. Eighty-eight percent had pre-existing HAV immunity which was unaltered by chemotherapy. HDV infection was observed in 8% while HIV was conspicuous by its absence. Active HBV infection, observed in 76% of the children, was asymptomatic in the majority and was accompanied by a high incidence of HBe antigenaemia (57.9%) and its persistence. Pre-existing anti-HBs failed to prevent HBV infection recurrence, which was, however, transient and self-limiting. Multiple blood transfusions and repeated parenteral exposures appeared to be the possible sources of HBV acquisition. Transmission to close contacts was also observed. The study suggests that although HBV vaccine might not be protective against HBV infection in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy, it may prevent its persistence and thereby help in reducing chronic liver disease-related morbidity and a highly infectious reservoir. Strict HBV screening of blood donors, exclusive use of disposable equipment, and vaccination of close contacts of cancer patients is recommended, particularly in HBV endemic third-world countries.
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PMID:Infection with hepatitis A, B, delta, and human immunodeficiency viruses in children receiving cycled cancer chemotherapy. 162 14

In order to define the risk factors for infection with hepatitis C virus, the authors determined the prevalence and incidence of antibodies to hepatitis C in three cohorts in Baltimore, Maryland, enrolled in prospective studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. Among 500 multi-transfused patients who underwent cardiac surgery in 1985 and 1986, 12 (2.4%) were hepatitis C seropositive before surgery while 19 (3.9%) developed antibodies in the 8-12 months after surgery. The seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus among 225 intravenous drug users followed since 1988 was 85%, which did not vary by HIV-1 status. Longer duration of intravenous drug use was significantly associated with hepatitis C seropositivity. Among 926 homosexual/bisexual men followed since 1984, 15 (1.6%) were hepatitis C seropositive; only intravenous drug use and a history of hepatitis A were marginally associated with hepatitis C in this population. No association was found between hepatitis C virus and HIV-1 or sexual behavior variables in this population. These data suggest that hepatitis C is readily transmitted by blood exposure, but is transmitted inefficiently by sexual means.
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PMID:Antibody to hepatitis C virus among cardiac surgery patients, homosexual men, and intravenous drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. 172 Sep 24

Some patients need medical preparation and physician counseling before traveling to eastern European countries. In addition to baseline immunizations, a measles booster, a polio booster, typhoid vaccination, and immune globulin prophylaxis against hepatitis A may be indicated. Advice should also be given regarding air pollution, contaminated food and water, civil unrest, motor vehicle mishaps, and each country's policy on HIV screening. Because the level of healthcare may be poor, contact with American or British embassies or consulates is recommended in an emergency.
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PMID:Travel in eastern Europe. Guidelines for patients. 189 30

Clinicians caring for sexually active adolescents are likely to be called on to diagnose and treat many of the STDs discussed in this article. A variety of other STDs not covered here also may be observed, including lymphogranuloma venereum, granuloma inguinale, molluscum contagiosum, scabies, pediculosis, and hepatitis A, B, and C. Some of the special issues related to gay and lesbian youth are discussed in the article by Drs Bidwell and Deisher (see "Adolescent Sexuality: Current Issues," pp 293-302). Nonetheless, it should be mentioned that the same STDs occur in homosexual youths as in their heterosexual counterparts. However, the prevalence rates for many STDs differ between the two groups, and some STDs are rarely seen in heterosexual males. These discrepancies may be explained by a number of determinants including anatomic and physiologic factors (eg, lesbian women have lower rates of STDs), differences in sexual practices (eg, genital-anal and oral-anal contact), and numbers of sexual partners, although this last factor may be less important in adolescents as compared with adult gay men. Discovery of one STD should always prompt a search for others because multiple concurrent infections is the rule rather than the exception. A serologic test for syphilis and a discussion of the potential for HIV infection (possibly testing for HIV as well) should take place at each new encounter for an STD. Some patients, including those with multiple partners, have an increased chance for acquisition of an STD. However, the reality is that any adolescent who has had sexual intercourse could have an STD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents: update 1991. 186 93


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