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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifteen gay men with a history of recent high-risk sexual activities attended seven group sessions that provided risk education, training in self-management skills pertinent to risk reduction, sexual assertiveness training, and problem solving with respect to health consciousness, social supports, and efficacy of risk-reduction change. Before and after intervention, subjects completed measures of AIDS risk knowledge, sexual practices occurring over 4-month retrospective periods, and self-monitored records of ongoing sexual activities and participated in role plays assessing behavioral assertiveness skill for resisting high-risk coercions. Eight-month follow-up data were also collected. Subjects exhibited substantial and well-maintained change following intervention in behaviors relevant to HIV infection risk, including frequency of unprotected anal intercourse (which decreased to near-zero levels), condom use (which increased to almost 90% of intercourse occasions), and in an index that reflects the multiplicative function of risk behaviors frequency by the number of partners with whom high-risk behaviors occurs. This demonstration provides further evidence that skills-training approaches can assist individuals in implementing behavior changes to reduce risk for AIDS and identifies a model relevant to counseling efforts in AIDS prevention programs, HIV counseling and testing programs, drug abuse and STD clinics, and other applied settings.
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PMID:A skills-training group intervention model to assist persons in reducing risk behaviors for HIV infection. 238 51

Sixty-nine opiate addicts on methadone maintenance programmes at the Drug Treatment Centre were interviewed, all meet DSM. 3 criteria for opioid dependency. Most were young, poorly educated, unemployed and had involvement with both police and prison. Drug abuse started at a young age, all had injected drugs, heroin being the most widely abused opiate. Forty-eight (70%) were HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) positive. Since diagnosis these individuals had made significant changes in their injecting practices and sexual behaviour. However, despite this positive change, there remained a high level of at risk behaviour for further HIV transmission.
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PMID:Risk behaviour for HIV transmission in attenders on methadone maintenance. 239 83

Exact inquiries about cross-sectional dates and the pursuit of trends within the spectrum of morbidity under correct scientific conditions are essential for characterization of the epidemiological situation of the abuse of narcotics. At the moment we only have limited possibilities. In the Federal Republic of Germany we observe a remarkable increase of drug abuse, an increase of criminality connected with drug abuse, death caused by drugs and a shift to elder age-groups. The intravenous drug-addicts are considerably and increasingly burdened by hepatotropic virus infections. They show a high risk relating to the virustransfer into the younger population because of the rapidly increasing HIV-prevalence. From the insurance-medical point of view we have to consider a toxicological investigation of the current abuse of narcotics besides a clinical diagnostic including a virological status.
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PMID:[Morbidity of the drug addict]. 239 29

At the Control Center for Veneral Diseases of the Vienna Health Office, 5000 examinations for Chlamydia infection were performed on registered and non-registered prostitutes between 1980 and 1988. During this period, we observed a continuous decrease of the rate of infections from 20.4% to 4% among registered prostitutes and from 31.4% to 12.4% among non-registered prostitutes. Between 1985 and 1988, the cumulative number of HIV infections only rose from 7 to 8 cases among registered prostitutes and from 2 to 3 cases among non-registered prostitutes. All these HIV carriers were associated with i.v. drug abuse. The correlations between these two infections as well as the implications regarding health politics are discussed.
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PMID:[Relevance of routine diagnosis of Chlamydia and HIV infections in Vienna prostitutes]. 239 59

Information is scant regarding epidemiologic risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among parenteral drug abusers (PDAs) residing in areas of low seroprevalence. A detailed interview and HIV serologic testing were conducted among PDAs hospitalized at Detroit Receiving Hospital for reasons unrelated to HIV infection. The study involved 22 seropositive (17 men, 5 women) and 52 seronegative (34 men, 18 women) drug abusers in Detroit, Michigan, an area of relatively low HIV prevalence. The interviews included inquiries regarding risk factors such as duration of drug abuse, visits to "shooting galleries," use of "hit men," needle sharing, sterile injection techniques, use of "street" antibiotics, promiscuity, visits to prostitutes, homosexuality, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and history of travel to areas of high HIV prevalence. A strong association was noted between the number of risk factors present and HIV seropositivity. The presence of any three or more risk factors was significantly associated (P less than .05) with seropositivity. Awareness of epidemiologic risk factors for HIV infection among PDAs in a low-prevalence area is useful in identification of seropositive drug abusers and is crucial in designing educational interventional strategies to interrupt viral transmission.
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PMID:Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection among parenteral drug abusers in a low-prevalence area. 240 66

In a cohort of 249 male sexual contacts of men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or an AIDS-related condition in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 143 cohort members were seropositive on enrollment and 16 seroconverted between initial recruitment in July 1984 to July 1985 and December 1988. Data on age, smoking and drinking status, recreational drug use, and history of sexually transmitted diseases and other diseases were obtained from interviews at induction and during follow-up on the cohort members every 3 months. Cox relative risk regression models, in which time was calculated from estimated date of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection for seroprevalent cohort members and from 90 days prior to the first positive test for seroconverters, examined the potential effect of use of a variety of recreational drugs and the occurrence of selected infections on the risk of development of AIDS. Thirty-five cohort members developed AIDS while under study. No significant association with risk of progression to AIDS was noted for use of various recreational drugs (singly or in combination), history of specific infections, age at enrollment, or smoking and drinking status at enrollment. Only estimated duration of HIV infection appeared to be associated with increasing risk of development of AIDS.
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PMID:Cofactors of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of male sexual contacts of men with human immunodeficiency virus disease. 240 12

The Centers for Disease Control reported that 109,167 cases of AIDS had been diagnosed since 1981 and that approximately 40,000 persons were living with AIDS at the time of this writing. These numbers, however, are the tip of an iceberg that consists of approximately 1.5 million Americans who are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As we described in earlier articles of this series, the HIV infection/AIDS epidemic has invaded the domain of the American family through heterosexual transmission, vertical transmission, drug abuse, and sexual abuse of children. Therefore, physicians for children are now facing the prospects of having to deal with this disease in their practices. If there is something unique about pediatrics and other specialties of the medical profession dealing with infants and children, it is that "prevention" of disease can be and has been used effectively. One only needs to remember the 1950s, when the poliomyelitis epidemic was causing the same, if not greater, concerns in the lives of the American families. The development and application of the "polio" vaccines has virtually eliminated the threat of poliomyelitis in our society. Similarly, the incidence of diphtheria, tetanus, and smallpox has decreased to the point that these diseases present practically no threat to the US population. Armed with these positive experiences, we need to examine what we can do today to curb the spread of the HIV infection/AIDS among infants and children, and by extension, among the general population of our country.
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PMID:Pediatric AIDS: prevention of HIV infection in infants and children. 240 77

General practitioners in the Severn Faculty of the Royal College of General Practitioners were asked about their knowledge and practice in dealing with HIV infected patients. 62% responded to our anonymous questionnaire. Overall, four-fifths of the doctors expressed confidence in their ability to advise HIV antibody positive patients on sexual activity, drug abuse and domestic activities. Only 61% were confident of their ability to advise such patients on pregnancy. Differences in screening policy and measures of awareness were related to location of practice by county within the Region and to the presence of HIV infected patients on individual lists. The findings are discussed in relation to previous surveys of general practitioners in the UK.
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PMID:HIV infection and South-West general practitioners. 250 83

Eighty-eight drug addicts from the "BAN Center" in Torre Annunziata (Naples) and 88 normal subjects pair-matched for age and sex were tested for IgG to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 and cytomegalovirus (CMV). A high prevalence of subjects with antibodies to HSV-1 and CMV (80.7% and 65.9%) were recorded in the control group testifying to the high level of these infections in Campania. Prevalences were higher in drug addicts, and drug abuse was identified as a risk factor for the acquisition of CMV infection (odds ratio = 2.3). Moreover, drug addiction is also a risk factor for HSV-2 and HIV infection as demonstrated by the observation that drug abusers were anti-HSV-2 (9.1 vs. 1.1%, odds ratio = 6.16) or anti-HIV (11.4 vs. 0%, odds ratio = 23.6) positive more frequently than normal controls. Thus, drug addiction is a risk factor for the acquisition of HIV, HSV-2 and CMV infections. This is probably due to similar habits, frequent among drug addicts from our geographic area and uncommon in the normal population, such as tattooing, needle-sharing needlestick and unsafe sex. Some of these habits, such as unsafe sex and tattooing, seem to be, per se, risk factors for the acquisition of both HIV and CMV infections. The data also suggest that HIV infection was probably introduced in Campania more recently than in northern and central Italy where the prevalence of anti-HIV positive cases among drug addicts is definitely higher.
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PMID:[Epidemiological evaluations of human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 and cytomegalovirus infections in drug addicts]. 256 4

The use of MRI in clinical psychiatry is evaluated on the basis of over four years' experience. Of 931 psychiatric patients examined, 156 were found to manifest pathological cerebral conditions, a frequency of 17 per cent, as compared with 2 per cent (2/101) among apparently healthy controls. The occurrence of intracerebral lesions, with exclusively psychiatric symptoms, is illustrated with case reports. The importance is stressed of early examination with neurodiagnostic imaging techniques in cases of psychiatric disorders where any of the following symptoms or preliminary diagnoses are present: atypical psychiatric features, first episode psychosis, late onset depression, dementia, HIV and other infections in conjunction with psychiatric symptoms, hysteria, and alcohol or drug abuse. The findings suggest MRI to be a useful supplementary diagnostic tool for improving the care of the psychiatric patient, while relieving the burden both on the patient's family and on mental health care resources.
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PMID:[Magnetic resonance tomography in psychiatry--clear benefits for health care services]. 258 13


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