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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate the epidemiology of HIV infection among intravenous drug abusers (IVDA) in Berlin (West), from October 1984 to October 1988, 741 heterosexual IVDA were recruited from facilities for drug treatment and counseling. In this group 22.8% were seropositive for antibodies against HIV, representing 21.1% of the females and 23.5% of the males. Seroprevalences of hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and lues were 67.7%, 40.1%, and 4.0%, respectively. Seropositivity for HIV antibodies correlated with positive seromarkers for hepatitis B and A, and with certain behavioral and social features such as sharing of injection equipment, imprisonment, and intravenous drug use in prison. The crude time trend of HIV seroprevalence shows an increase from 17.1% in those subjects who discontinued i.v. drug abuse in 1983 or earlier to 31.5% in 1985, and a decrease over the past 3 years to 14.1% in 1988. After adjusting for temporary changes in the study group, the estimated HIV seroprevalence odds show an almost steady increase and were significantly higher for those who were injecting drugs in 1987 and 1988 compared with those who stopped i.v. drug use before 1984. Thus IVDA with a persistent risk profile are at a still-increasing risk of acquiring HIV infection.
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PMID:HIV infection in intravenous drug abusers in Berlin: risk factors and time trends. 234 45

HIV infection rates in blood donors from the FRG were compared with the prevalence in donors from Berlin to obtain information on the HIV infections in donors of rural versus urban origin. The HIV prevalences decrease similarly in the first years of testing, although on different levels. They are lower in rural areas by a factor of 15 in the first year and of 10 thereafter. The modes of infectivity in both groups are similar although drug abuse seems to be more frequent amongst infected donors of urban areas. Ninety percent of the infected donors are either persons at risk or sexual partners of risk persons. During the observed time period there seems to be a trend from homo-/bisexuality and i.v. drug abuse to heterosexual contacts with persons at risk as the mode of infection. In conjunction with the stabile low and constant rates of infection for the last two years, these data indicate that the risk of HIV infection by blood transfusion is reduced to an acceptable minimum even in urban areas.
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PMID:HIV prevalence in blood donors in urban and in rural areas of the Federal Republic of Germany. 235 May 95

A serologic survey of 4863 patients attending two inner-city sexually transmitted disease clinics was conducted in 1988 1 year after an initial survey to reassess the prevalence and associated risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The HIV seroprevalence rates had not changed significantly (5.2% in 1987, 4.9% in 1988), and remained higher among men (5.6%) than among women (3.6%). The HIV seroprevalence increased steadily with age, to 34 years in women and to 39 years in men. Of patients with a reactive syphilis serologic test result, 24.3% were HIV infected compared with 3.5% of patients with a nonreactive test for syphilis. In multivariate analysis, a reactive serologic test for syphilis was significantly associated with HIV infection in all major risk behavior categories. Among heterosexuals who denied parenteral drug abuse, HIV infection rates were 6.8 and 8.7 times greater for women and men, respectively, who had a reactive serologic test for syphilis. Evidence of heterosexual transmission of HIV was further suggested by a change in HIV seroprevalence in women from 3.0% in 1987 to 3.6% in 1988, a male to female HIV infection ratio of 1.6, and 3.0% prevalence of infection among patients who denied established risk factors. This was most evident among those younger than 25 years, in whom 72% of infected women and 46.2% of infected men denied high-risk behaviors. These data demonstrate the strong association between syphilis and HIV infection and the importance of heterosexual HIV transmission in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. This study underscores the need for a more comprehensive control program for sexually transmitted diseases, including syphilis and HIV infection.
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PMID:The association of syphilis with risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. 235 62

Some difficulties in the management of addiction in a Drug Dependence Unit are discussed. Staff time with clients on prescribed methadone is dominated by enquiries into covert drug abuse and they must contend with passive aggression and denial. Dependency issues, to which the DDU may contribute, arise with chronic clients. Psychodynamic themes, even where identified as important, are difficult to follow through and link to outcome. There are inherent constraints in a medical model of management addressing behaviours which are as much the property of social context as of definable individual psychopathology. The AIDS crisis may bring new funds but also new pressures: DDUs may come to be judged essentially by their ability to shield the general population from HIV. This would have implications for the ethos of individual treatment and for team make-up.
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PMID:Some reflections on dynamics and dilemmas in a DDU. 228 69

Experience from two HIV-preventive projects among drug abusers in Oslo, Norway, shows that HIV-positive drug abusers carry on their drug abuse independent of visits to residential drug-free treatment or prison. HIV-positive former drug abusers show a tendency to relapse to drug abuse. In terms of HIV-prevention among drug abusers it is important to reduce injection of drugs among HIV-positive drug abusers. Thus, methadone maintenance programmes should be considered in HIV-prevention in Norway.
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PMID:[Experiences from two HIV prevention projects among drug abusers in Oslo. Is methadone maintenance treatment useful?]. 236 70

Sexual promiscuity often is part of the lifestyle of teenagers who are delinquent and abuse drugs, and that behavior puts them at increased risk of contracting HIV infection/AIDS. Many of these juveniles are runaways or live in disorganized homes, and as a result they are hard to reach and it is extremely difficult to provide health and other services to them. Indeed, these youths at risk most frequently may be identified and helped when they run afoul of the law and enter the judicial system. With that in mind, concerned professionals in San Antonio have developed an innovative program to provide primary care, drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation, and AIDS prevention education to the youthful offenders admitted to the Juvenile Detention Center of Bexar County. They hope it will give some of these youngsters the help and the opportunity they need to grow up, become productive citizens, and stay alive.
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PMID:Pediatric AIDS: adolescence, delinquency, drug abuse, and AIDS. 237 73

Gauging the impact of AIDS on intravenous drug users requires analysis of the cultural, political, and racial contexts of American society in which drug use is embedded. Considerable variation in behavior among drug injectors and noninjectors in different cities over time further complicates an understanding of the dynamics of drug use. AIDS has prompted many IV drug users to change their behavior, though not all users have reduced the risks of transmitting HIV infection. While expanded harm-reduction strategies and drug abuse treatment systems may help limit the epidemic's spread, weak federal support, constrained hospital resources, and racial stigma inhibit more direct action needed to stem the negative social and personal consequences of drug use.
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PMID:AIDS and the social relations of intravenous drug users. 238 80

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among reproductive-age women occurs disproportionately among inner-city minority populations. These women are at risk because of intravenous drug abuse and heterosexual transmission from partners infected through drug abuse. From July 1, 1988 to December 31, 1988, we conducted routine voluntary screening for HIV antibody among 923 women who requested induced first-trimester abortion at Grady Memorial Hospital. Eight (8.7 per 1000) women were seropositive on repeat enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot testing. Two infected women had had heterosexual contact with a person at risk for HIV infection, two others reported "crack" cocaine use, and four acknowledged no risk factors. Thirteen percent of seronegative women reported risk factors for HIV infection. Nearly all women consented to HIV testing, and most completed the risk-behavior questionnaire. These data suggest that women seeking first-trimester abortion at our hospital are at risk for HIV infection.
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PMID:Routine human immunodeficiency virus infection screening of women requesting induced first-trimester abortion in an inner-city population. 238 11

Following a long-term decline, death rates in men 25-44 years of age increased from 212 deaths/100,000 in 1983 to 236 deaths/100,000 in 1987. To assess the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections on this trend and to identify causes that are increasing in association with the HIV epidemic, we analyzed national mortality statistics and compared death rates in states with high and low incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 1987, there were 10,248 deaths with HIV infection, AIDS, or conditions in the AIDS surveillance definition assigned as the underlying cause, representing 11 percent of deaths for men in this age group compared to less than 1 percent in 1980. In addition, deaths with other underlying causes, such as other infections, drug abuse, and unknown/unspecified causes, had diverging and higher rates in states with high versus low AIDS incidence. In the absence of deaths due to HIV/AIDS and excess deaths due to these associated conditions, we estimate that death rates for men 25-44 years of age would have been 201-209/100,000 in 1987. For 1987, approximately 70-90 percent of HIV-related deaths were reported through national AIDS surveillance. The HIV epidemic has led to a reversal in mortality trends and to increases in various causes of death for young men.
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PMID:Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality trends in young men, United States. 238 45

Between 1985 and 1987, examinations for human immune deficiency virus (HIV) antibody were done on 25,392 prostitutes working in 64 cities throughout the Philippines. The country-wide seropositivity rate among prostitutes based on this sample was 0.8/1,000. Of the HIV cases, 85% were working in just two cities whose prostitute populations comprised 50% of the total sample. The average incidence rate for the same two cities after 1 year was 2.3/1,000. HIV antibody-positive women were enrolled in a case-control study to determine demographic and epidemiologic risk factors. This study involving 34 HIV-positive prostitutes and 61 randomly selected negative control prostitutes did not reveal any risk factors related to sexual or other types of behavior. A history of genital warts, a history of abnormal vaginal discharge, and cytomegalovirus antibody were significantly more frequent in the HIV-positive cases than in the controls; however, by logistic regression analysis, only an abnormal vaginal discharge was independently associated with HIV infection. Absence of any evidence of transmission by blood transfusion or i.v. drug abuse suggests that HIV was introduced by the heterosexual route.
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PMID:Epidemiology of HIV infection among prostitutes in the Philippines. 238 67


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