Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two unique forms of periodontal disease, HIV-gingivitis and HIV-periodontitis, have been described in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In order to determine the bacterial species associated with periodontitis in AIDS patients, the predominant cultivable microflora was examined in 21 subgingival plaque samples from 11 AIDS patients with periodontitis. The presence of putative periodontal pathogens including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides intermedius, Porphyromonas gingivalis (formerly B. gingivalis), and Wolinella recta was examined by immunofluorescence in 128 subgingival dental plaque samples from 50 AIDS patients including 32 patients with periodontitis. Of 666 bacterial strains isolated from the 21 subgingival plaque samples, Streptococcus sanguis II was the most frequently recovered species comprising 18.5% of the total number of isolates followed by Lactobacillus acidophilus (12.2%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (12%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (11.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (8.7%), Actinomyces naeslundii (7.5%), and Actinomyces viscosus (4.7%). Fusobacterium nucleatum was the most prevalent species and was found in 76% of the sites and 91% of the patients. Enteric species including Enterococcus avium and Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium clostridiiforme and Clostridium difficle as well as Klebsiella pneumoniae also were recovered. Immunofluorescence assays detected similar carriage rates of A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. intermedius, and P. gingivalis in both gingivitis patients and periodontitis patients, while four times more periodontitis patients demonstrated W. recta. Subgingival yeast was a frequent finding in these AIDS patients, present in 62% of the subjects and 55% of the sites. This study indicates that subgingival plaque in AIDS patients with periodontitis can harbor high proportions of the same periodontal pathogens as are associated with periodontitis in non-HIV infected subjects as well as high proportions of opportunistic pathogens.
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PMID:Studies of the subgingival microflora in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 212 26

24 natural membrane condoms of 2 brand were tested in a static bath for leakage of a small virus, PhiX174, 27 nm in diameter, and a larger virus, Herpes Simplex Virus Type I, 120-150 nm in diameter, in a 4-hour experiment. These viruses were chosen because the bacteriophage PhiX174 is slightly smaller than Hepatitis B and is easy and safe to assay, and Herpes virus is close in size and chemical composition to HIV, and is relatively easy to assay on mouse kidney cells. For the test 40 million plaque forming units (pfu/ml of PhiX174 and 1 million herpes simplex pfu/ml were incubated in a condom suspended in a beaker containing Dulbecco's phosphate buffer, with magnetic stirring. 10 to 24 condoms of Brand A and 13 of 24 Brand B leaked some phage. 2 condoms leaked some herpes virus. The results were computed into an index of barrier function, the barrier ratio. There was a variation in leakage over 2 orders of magnitude between condoms. The results in this status situation were similar to those obtained by others in a simulated active coitus experiment, in that greater amounts of the smaller viruses leaked through natural condoms.
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PMID:Virus leakage through natural membrane condoms. 216 14

To explore the biologic significance of the presence of a heterogeneous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population within infected individuals with regard to ultimate disease progression, the effect of coinfection of more than one variant of HIV on infectivity and cytopathogenicity in CD4-positive cells was examined. Using the lowest and highest infectious clones of HIV obtained by the plaque-cloning method, a clear consistent synergism of infectivity and cytopathic effects was detected when different cell lines were coinfected with a mixture of the two clones. These data suggest that the emergence of a highly infectious variant of HIV due to mutation may modify the infectivity of a minimally infectious latent variant with the final progression of HIV infection to overt AIDS.
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PMID:Synergistic infectivity of highly and minimally infectious clones of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. 218 23

Atypical HIV-associated and endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) differ in their clinical presentation and behaviour. To assess the possible histological differences, a detailed review of 32 cases of atypical KS and 170 cases of endemic KS from sub-Saharan Africa was undertaken. Both forms of KS had similar histological appearances, and evolved through a chronological sequence of patch, plaque and nodule. There was an increase in the proportion of early patch and plaque lesions in cutaneous and mucosal atypical KS (54%) compared with endemic KS (23%). However, nodular lesions were still seen in atypical KS, and formed 56% of the total cases. In addition, atypical KS tended to have more small blood vessels and a lesser degree of inflammatory infiltrate. However, within each of the three stages of the disease, it was not possible to distinguish between the HIV- and non-HIV-related forms.
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PMID:Endemic and atypical Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa--histopathological aspects. 220 73

2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine (ddA) is a nucleoside analogue with anti-HIV activity and one of its metabolic products, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), has shown promising results in clinical trials for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Because AIDS viruses target the immune system, it is important to understand the potential effects of anti-AIDS drugs, including natural nucleosides, on the immune system. Previous immunotoxicological studies have shown that 22 treatments with ddA to female B6C3F1 mice over a period of 30 days had no effect on cell-mediated immunity, including the mixed lymphocyte reaction and response to mitogenic signals, but suppressed in vitro IgM plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells. The present studies show that suppression of the IgM PFC response was dose dependent with a 96% reduction in IgM PFCs/10(6) spleen cells at the highest dose (350 mg/kg). The in vivo IgM PFC response to DNP-Ficoll and the in vitro IgM PFC response to lipopolysaccharide, both T-independent antigens, were also suppressed in the spleens of ddA-treated mice. The analysis of splenocyte subtypes shows no change in the percentage of B cells (surface immunoglobulin positive cells), T helper cells (L3T4 positive cells), and T suppressor cells or T cytotoxic cells (Lyt-2 positive cells) in the spleens of ddA-treated mice. In vitro separation and reconstitution studies in which the IgM PFC response was monitored indicated that the B lymphocyte rather than the T lymphocyte or antigen-presenting cell is the primary cell targeted by ddA. This information provides a data base for further mechanistic study and may reflect on the clinical use of other nucleoside analogues, e.g., ddI by providing the clinician with information indicating the potential decrease in humoral immunity.
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PMID:The B lymphocyte is the immune cell target for 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine. 223 21

Kaposi's sarcomas are seen more commonly in routine histopathology laboratories since the advent of the more widespread and aggressive variant of the disease associated with HIV infection. Distinguishing nodular lesions from other spindle cell and vascular tumours can sometimes be difficult. Immunohistochemistry has been disappointing as a diagnostic aid, often requiring special fixation or frozen tissue and even then, staining of spindle cells has been variable. We describe the use of the new IgG1 mouse monoclonal antibody raised against human placental endothelial cells, QBEnd/10, on routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. A retrospective study was performed on 22 Kaposi's sarcomas of skin including patch, plaque, and nodular lesions and compared with 38 other vascular and spindle cell tumours from skin. All sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, QBEnd/10, Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA-1) and for factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAg). The results demonstrate that spindle cells in lesions from Kaposi's sarcomas, but not other vascular or spindle cell tumours, immunostain clearly with QBEnd/10. Immunostaining for FVIIIRAg shows only weak and irregular positivity of the spindle cells, whilst staining with UEA-1 is consistently negative. We find that immunostaining with QBEnd/10 aids the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcomas and allows their distinction from other spindle cell neoplasms of skin in routinely processed material.
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PMID:QBEnd/10: a new immunostain for the routine diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma. 226 66

Glycyrrhizin sulfate (GLS) was synthesized and investigated for antiviral effect on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro in comparison with the parental anti-HIV compound glycyrrhizin (GL). In MT-4 cells after HIV infection, the virus-induced cytopathic effect and the expression of viral antigens were inhibited by 0.25 mg/ml (0.184 mM) of GLS. Moreover, GLS completely inhibited HIV-induced plaque formation in MT-4 cells at a concentration of 1 mg/ml (736 microM), the 50% inhibitory dose being 0.055 mg/ml (40 microM). GLS was found to be an efficient inhibitor of reverse transcriptase. The effect of GLS was 4 times stronger than that of GL in molar terms.
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PMID:A new anti-human immunodeficiency virus substance, glycyrrhizin sulfate; endowment of glycyrrhizin with reverse transcriptase-inhibitory activity by chemical modification. 244 73

A new reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor was extracted and purified from the red alga Schizymenia pacifica. The chromatographic behavior and chemical properties of this sea algal extract (SAE) suggest that it is a sulfated polysaccharide having a molecular weight of approximately 2,000,000. SAE is composed of galactose (73%), sulfonate (20%), and 3,6-anhydrogalactose (0.65%). SAE is a member of the lambda-carrageenan family, based on its infrared spectrum and products of hydrolysis. SAE selectively inhibited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RT and replication in vitro. When MT-4 cells were treated with more than 10(4) inhibitory units (IU) of SAE per ml after HIV infection, significant inhibition of viral antigen synthesis was observed. Furthermore, more than 90% of cells were viable in the cultures exposed to 4 X 10(4) to 8 X 10(4) IU of SAE per ml, while almost all the MT-4 cells in the control culture had died by 10 days after HIV infection. The inhibitory effect of SAE on HIV replication was confirmed by plaque reduction assays. The 50% inhibitory dose of SAE was 9.5 x 10(3) IU/ml. Chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, keratan polysulfate, and heparin also inhibited the RT of avian myeloblastosis virus. SAE immediately inhibited RT activity when added to an assay mixture after the start of the reaction.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of an avian myeloblastosis and human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase inhibitor, sulfated polysaccharides extracted from sea algae. 244 20

HIV-1 is known to show a high degree of genetic diversity, which may have major implications for disease pathogenesis and prevention. If every divergent isolate represented a distinct serotype, then effective vaccination might be impossible. However, using a sensitive new plaque-forming assay for HIV-1, we have found that most infected patients make neutralizing antibodies, predominantly to a group-specific epitope shared among three highly divergent isolates. This epitope persists among divergent isolates and rarely mutates, despite the rapid overall mutation rate of HIV-1, suggesting that it may participate in an essential viral function. These findings, plus the rarity of reinfections among these patients, suggest that HIV-1 may be more susceptible to a vaccine strategy based on a group-specific neutralizing epitope than was previously suspected.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus 1. Predominance of a group-specific neutralizing epitope that persists despite genetic variation. 247 54

For prevention of HIV infection, which is fatal to man and has no known remedy, sterilization of contaminated materials is particularly important. Before applying any sterilization procedures, they have to be checked by accurately following the kinetics of plaque reduction. Though this is almost self-evident, such studies have been few. Here, a microplaque assay of HIV is established using HPB-ALL human T-cells immobilized on a poly-L-lysine-coated plastic dish. This assay was used to compare the ultraviolet and heat inactivation kinetics of HIV (titrated by this method) with those of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) in a liquid matrix. Though the ultraviolet sensitivities of these viruses were identical (D10 = 2,800 ergs/mm2), HIV was far more resistant to high temperatures (50 degrees C-70 degrees C) than MLV. This implies that these two viruses have different virion structures, though both are members of retroviridae. The higher thermostability of HIV should be taken into account when HIV-contaminated materials are handled.
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PMID:Thermostability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in a liquid matrix is far higher than that of an ecotropic murine leukemia virus. 249 54


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