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 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

International movement of individuals, populations, and products is one of the major factors associated with the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases as the pace of global travel and commerce increases rapidly. Travel can be associated with disease emergence because (1) the disease arises in an area of heavy tourism, (2) tourists may be at heightened risk because of their activities, or (3) because they can act as vectors to transport the agent to new areas. Examples of recently recognized diseases with relationship to travel include HIV, Legionnaire's disease, cyclosporiasis, Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal, hantavirus, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. Reemerging diseases include dengue fever, malaria, cholera, schistosomiasis, leptospirosis, and viral hemorrhagic fevers. In addition, tuberculosis, drug-resistant shigellosis, and cholera have been major concerns in refugee and migrant populations. Because of the unique role of travel in emerging infections, efforts are underway to address this factor by agencies such as the CDC, WHO, the International Society of Travel Medicine, and the travel industry.
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PMID:Emerging infectious diseases and travel medicine. 949 41

An emerging virus is a term applied to a newly discovered virus, one that is increasing in incidence or with the potential to increase in incidence. Many viruses fit into this definition. HIV is the clearest example of a previously unknown virus that has now produced one of the largest pandemics in history. Recent advances have occurred in the identification and understanding of new hantaviruses in the Americas, causing an acute respiratory disease. The possible causal role of human herpesvirus 8 in Kaposi's sarcoma has gained support, whereas that of a newly discovered flavivirus in causing hepatitis has not been confirmed. A major advance has been evidence showing that the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent is almost certainly the cause of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although new viruses are discovered almost yearly (e.g., Australian bat lyssavirus), other "older" viruses (e.g., dengue) are reemerging, infecting millions of people every year with significant mortality.
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PMID:Emerging viruses. 952 35

Receptors for the constant part of IgG (Fc gamma R) are implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Children from mothers with an Fc gamma RIIIb deficiency may suffer from neonatal neutropenia due to an alloimmune reaction. Interindividual differences (polymorphisms) for a number of Fc gamma R represent risk factors for several infectious and autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapeutic use of several monoclonal antibody subclasses is affected by Fc gamma R polymorphisms. Fc gamma R can be used for cellular entrance by lymphotropic viruses (such as HIV) and appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of fulminant Dengue virus infections.
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PMID:[Immunology in clinical practice. XI. IgG receptors: the role of polymorphism in autoimmune and infectious diseases]. 956 39

Although the ethnic minority traveler is exposed to the same risks as other travelers, there are special considerations that make them vulnerable to certain diseases. In addition, many ethnic minority travelers are traditionally underserved by the medical community and often travel without the benefit of adequate counseling and immunization. The specific disease entities covered in this article include parasitic diseases (e.g. malaria, trypanosomiasis, intestinal helminths), tuberculosis, and other respiratory diseases, dengue, and sexually transmitted diseases and HIV.
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PMID:The ethnic minority traveler. 965 57

Surveys in many countries, including Papua New Guinea, show that a large proportion of the literate population still believe the fallacy that mosquitoes can transmit the AIDS virus from one person to another. Since AIDS was first recognized, many have reported on the possibility of mosquito involvement in the transmission of the virus. In 1988, almost half of 6625 men and women interviewed in Zaire and nearly half of 4189 teacher-trainees interviewed in Zimbabwe believed in the transmission of AIDS by mosquitoes. A recent survey involving 1500 high school students from 14 schools in 4 different provinces in Papua New Guinea revealed that 34% of them considered mosquitoes to be carriers of HIV. Although mosquitoes are carriers of yellow fever, dengue fever, and Japanese encephalitis, there is no evidence that mosquitoes can transmit HIV. Studies with HIV have shown clearly that the virus disappears in the mosquito after about 1-2 days, the time required for the mosquito to digest the blood-meal. Since the virus does not survive to reproduce and invade the salivary glands, biological transmission of HIV is not possible. It has been calculated that, for mechanical transmission, an AIDS-free individual would have to be bitten by 10 million mosquitoes that had been feeding on an HIV carrier to receive a single unit of HIV from contaminated mosquito mouthparts. In short, there is still no evidence of arthropod transmission of the HIV virus.
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PMID:Can mosquitoes transmit AIDS? 979 64

Since 1990, Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine has been part of EPI in northern Thailand, where there is a high prevalence of JE and HIV infection. To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of JE vaccine among HIV-infected children, we conducted a retrospective study of HIV-infected and uninfected children who received 2 doses of JE vaccine at 12 months of age. Pre- and post-immunization plasma specimens were tested by plaque reduction neutralization for antibody levels to JE and dengue(1-4) viruses; titers of > or =10 were considered positive. Excluding 5 children with preimmunization antibodies, 5 of 14 (36%) HIV-infected children and 18 of 27 (67%) uninfected children had positive JE antibody titers after immunization [odds ratio (OR) 0.3, p=0.06]; 31% absolute difference [95% confidence interval (CI) 0-61.7%). The geometric mean titer of HIV-infected children with positive titers was lower than that of control children (15.1 vs, 23.8; p=0.17). No significant vaccine-associated adverse events were noted. We conclude that primary antibody response to JE vaccine was low among HIV-infected children and was approximately half of that seen among uninfected children. In endemic areas, HIV-infected children are likely to be at risk of acquiring JE despite routine immunization with 2 doses.
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PMID:Response to JE vaccine among HIV-infected children, Bangkok, Thailand. 1043 37

The family of the Flaviviridae contains 3 genera: (i) the hepaciviruses, to which belongs Hepatitis C virus (HCV), (ii) the flaviviruses and (iii) the pestiviruses. Over 140 million people, more than four times the number of HIV-positive individuals, are chronically infected with the HCV. Hepatitis G virus (HGV) has not yet been assigned to a genus. The impact of this recently discovered virus is yet to be established. Infections with flaviviruses such as Yellow Fever virus (YFV), Dengue Fever virus (DENV), Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) and Tick-borne Encephalitis virus (TBEV) are emerging world-wide. The Pestiviruses, Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV), Classical Swine Fever virus (CSFV) and Border Disease virus (BDV) have a serious impact on life-stock. At present, only treatment with interferon, alone or combined with ribavirin, has been approved for the treatment of HCV infections. No specific antivirals are available for the treatment of infections with Hepaci-, Flavi- or Pestiviruses. Possible targets for inhibition of the replication of Flaviviridae are the binding to, and the uptake of the virus in the cell; the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of Hepaci- and Pestiviruses; viral proteases; the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the viral helicase. The search for specific inhibitors of HCV replication is hindered by the absence of an efficient cell culture system for propagation of this virus. In addition, small laboratory animals, including mice, are not susceptible to HCV infection. Flaviviruses may cause infection in mice, but do so mainly following direct intracerebral inoculation. We have established a small animal model for flavivirus infections in SCID mice inoculated peripherally with the murine flavivirus Modoc.
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PMID:Infections with flaviviridae. 1065 76

We have recently seen a worldwide explosion of infectious diseases: emerging diseases like the HIV/AIDS pandemic, or old diseases like cholera, tuberculosis, diphteria, plague, yellow fever, dengue, or malaria. These reemerging diseases are on the surge because of multiple factors: environmental changes, transformation of ecosystems, ongoing socioeconomic degradation and deterioration of public health systems in many countries. The increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics or virologic resistance to antiviral drugs are becoming a serious problem today. This global danger needs a global response. There must be a cooperation between the different actors in the field of public health. The general practitioner should look for good therapeutic compliance, control vaccinations, and give his patients health education, including prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
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PMID:[Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases--a challenge for public health]. 1068 5

Six rapid enzyme immunoassays for the detection of HIV antibody were performed on paired sera from 66 patients with malaria and 9 patients with dengue. Kit specificities ranged from 77% to 100%, demonstrating that more data are needed on cross-reactivity with endemic diseases as the use of rapid HIV tests increases.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 test results in patients with malaria and dengue infections. 1081 52

Emerging diseases are those which have shown an increased in humans over the last 20 years. Re-emerging diseases are those which have reappeared after a period of significant decrease in incidence. The etiological agents of these diseases in the Western Hemisphere are viruses (HIV, dengue, oroupuche, sabia, guanarito, or hanta), bacteria (Vibrio cholera, Borrellia burgdorferi, Legionella pneumofila, Eseherichia coli 0157:H7, or other bacteria with a new pattern of antibiotic resistance), or parasites (Cryptosporidia, Cyclosporidia or drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum). Due to the widespread geographical distribution of these infectious diseases in the Americas, and an increasing number of travellers (more than 87 million persons within the region in 1997), there are many opportunities to contract an infection when travelling in developed or undeveloped countries. The infection may present with symptoms during the trip, or following the traveler s return to his or her place of origin. However, too often practicing physicians do not inquire about the travel history of their patients and, when they do, they often lack the information about diseases relevant to travelers. From the regional perspective, the emerging or reemerging agents that pose a higher risk to tourists or travelers are: 1) those that cause enteric infections; 2) sexually transmitted diseases; and 3) vector-borne diseases, including those present in ecotourism areas. Emerging and re-emerging diseases that physicians may encounter in their clinical practice while caring for travelers returning from different countries of the Western Hemisphere are briefly described (Lyme disease, legionellosis, dengue, yellow fever, P. falciparum malaria, cyclosporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis). This report attempts to draw attention to the fact that new clinical and etiological entities are present in several geographical areas of the Americas; to place each of these entities into an epidemiological context; and to end the misconception that only travel to poor countries carries a risk of acquiring an infection. By knowing which infectious agents occur in each area and the incubation period of each disease, the treating physician can often treat patients successfully. Health care professionals must be aware of the organisms circulating in the region so that they have them in mind during their clinical practice.
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PMID:Tourism and Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in the Americas: What Physicians Must Remember for Patient Diagnosis and Care. 1109 91


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