Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thalidomide (alpha-N-phthalimidoglutarimide), a potent inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), is proving to be a promising drug in the treatment of a number of inflammatory, autoimmune, and HIV-associated disorders. The pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of two single oral doses of thalidomide (100 and 200 mg) were investigated, using a randomized, two-period crossover design, in a group of asymptomatic, male HIV-seropositive subjects. Thalidomide pharmacokinetics were linear at the doses studied, and were best described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination processes. The drug was rapidly absorbed, with a mean absorption half-life of 0.95 hr (range, 0.16-2.49 hr) and 1.19 hr (range, 0.33-3.53 hr) after 100- and 200-mg doses, respectively. The corresponding mean Cmax values were 1.15+/-0.24 microg/ml (100 mg) and 1.92+/-0.47 microg/ml (200 mg; p<0.001), which were achieved (Tmax) at 2.5+/-1.5 h and 3.3+/-1.4 hr, respectively. Plasma concentrations of thalidomide declined thereafter, in a log-linear manner, with elimination half-lives of 4.6+/-1.2 hr (100 mg) and 5.3+/-2.2 hr (200 mg). The apparent volumes of distribution (Vdss/F) were 69.9+/-15.6 liters (100 mg) and 82.7+/-34.9 liters (200 mg) while total body clearances (Cl/F) were 10.4+/-2.1 and 10.8+/-1.7 liters/hr, respectively. Significant dose-dependent decreases in supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures were seen for up to 2 hr postdosing; somnolence, headache, dizziness, and confusion were also reported more frequently at the higher dose of thalidomide.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of single oral doses of thalidomide in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. 1046 24

Symptom management for persons living with HIV disease is recognized as an extremely important component of care management. This article reports the validation of a new sign and symptom assessment tool designed to assess the intensity of HIV-related symptoms using two samples (study 1: n=247; study 2: n=686) of people living with HIV disease. Study 1 data were collected between 1994 and 1996 before the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Study 2 data were collected between 1997 and 1998 after the wide adoption of HAART therapy. The initial version of the Sign and Symptom Check-List for Persons with HIV Disease (SSC-HIV) included 41 signs and symptoms. This scale was submitted to a principal components factor analysis with a varimax rotation. The final solution reports six factors explaining 68.9% of the variance. The six symptom clusters (factors), the number of items in the factor, and the Cronbach alpha reliability estimates were: malaise/weakness/fatigue (six items, alpha=0.90); confusion/distress (four items, alpha=0.90); fever/chills (four items, alpha=0.85); gastrointestinal discomfort (four items, alpha=0. 81); shortness of breath (three items, alpha=0.79); and nausea/vomiting (three items, alpha=0.77). These six factors have strong reliability estimates and a stable factor structure that supports the construct validity of the 26-item instrument. Additional evidence supports the concurrent validity of the scale as well as its sensitivity to change over time. The final version of the SSC-HIV is a 26-item scale available for use by clinicians and researchers to measure the patient's self-report of HIV-related signs and symptoms.
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PMID:Validation of the Sign and Symptom Check-List for Persons with HIV Disease (SSC-HIV). 1056 2

Individual counseling, as invaluable as it is for HIV-affected youth, is just one forum in which young people can receive clinical assistance. The youth-centered programs noted previously and others carried out in various agencies around the country offer HIV-affected youth an opportunity to receive clinical experiences while focusing on their strengths and interests. A nonthreatening atmosphere in which many children are invited to participate is essential for helping young people feel comfortable and connected to the agency. When children develop friendships through the agency, they can begin to feel less alone in their situation and more willing to reach out to others--clinicians and peers--for help. An increased trust in the agency can help HIV-affected young people maintain an ongoing connection to services and open the door to traditional counseling. As children become more engaged in the agency and begin to develop a sense of ownership, they may want to take on more responsibility. Leadership programs that focus on young people's skills and talents can help establish the agency as a place that is safe for youths on their own terms. That may involve activities such as older children serving as mentors for younger ones, performing community projects in their neighborhoods, doing outreach to help connect more people to the programs, or designing and running their own conferences for youth. Collaboration with other agencies for special projects can help link children to additional programs and to other youth, thus decreasing their isolation. Childhood and adolescence is a time of rapid changes accompanied by emotional fluctuations. Young people feel emotions intensely, but often lack the cognitive ability necessary to articulate them. When a young person is coping with the illness or death of a parent from AIDS in addition to all the pressures and changes in life, the experience of growing up is even more difficult and complicated. The emotional flux, confusion, and life transitions can lead to impulsive and self-destructive behavior. But childhood and adolescence is also a time of heightened energy, creativity, resilience, and hope. Programs for HIV-affected youth need to balance the attention paid to the challenges they face and the strengths they possess. When allowed to grow and shine, affected young people may begin to express some of their emotional needs. Caring workers can then help them make sense of their experiences and mature into the successful adults they all have the potential to become.
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PMID:Providing clinical opportunities for youths affected by HIV. 1076 71

The ruling African National Congress party and the Health Minister have moved into damage-control mode to counter increasing confusion about President Thabo Mbeki's exact position on the link between HIV and AIDS in South Africa. Commentators said that the more the government has tried to explain the cause of AIDS, the more confused the public and the media have become. Moreover, the government took the step of placing advertisements in national newspapers to explain the stance of the president. It is noted that the president has failed to reveal and state unequivocally that HIV is the cause of AIDS. Meanwhile, the media was accused of sensationalist reporting of the issue. In view of such, Health Minister, Mantho Tshabalala Msimang decided to meet newspaper editors to discuss the communication breakdown on HIV/AIDS.
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PMID:More confusion about South African President's stance on HIV. 1100 56

There is considerable confusion concerning the mechanism of lymphocyte death during HIV infection. During the course of HIV infection, M-tropic viruses (R5) that use CCR5 chemokine coreceptors frequently evolve to T-tropic viruses (X4) that use CXCR4 receptors. In this study we show that activation of the CD4 or CCR5 receptor by R5 HIVenv causes a caspase 8-dependent death of both uninfected and infected CD4 T cells. In contrast, CXCR4 activation by X4 HIVenv induces a caspase-independent death of both uninfected CD4 and CD8 T cells and infected CD4 cells. These results suggest that activation of the chemokine receptor by HIVenv determines the mechanism of death for both infected and uninfected T lymphocytes.
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PMID:Chemokine-receptor activation by env determines the mechanism of death in HIV-infected and uninfected T lymphocytes. 1116 Jan 37

In an interview, Dr. Charles A. B. Boucher responds to questions about double resistance to 3TC and ZDV, the effects of mutations on reverse transcriptase inhibitors, viral load and prospects for individualized therapy, combination drug therapy issues, and cross resistance to protease inhibitors. Final comments address the confusion about when aggressive HIV drug therapy should begin, and the problem of HIV drug resistance.
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PMID:An interview with Charles A.B. Boucher, MD, PhD. Interview by Mark Mascolini. 1136 72

DHEA, one of the most popular potential treatments sold by HIV buyers' clubs, may be banned in the United States. DHEA advocates are particularly worried about a new government regulation that would classify DHEA as a Schedule III drug. However, contact with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) revealed inconsistencies and considerable confusion about how DHEA is defined. Independent state DHEA conviction actions may encourage Federal action to enforce DHEA's ban. DHEA shows promise in the treatment of lupus and other autoimmune diseases, enhances resistance to infection, and restores immunity in mice and in older people. The promotion of DHEA as a cure-all has prompted the FDA to take action. Future access to DHEA for people with AIDS may now depend on how the DEA deals with it as an anabolic steroid.
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PMID:DHEA: threat to access? 1136 95

HIV-positive patients are prone to many illnesses due to their weakened immune systems. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and tuberculosis (TB) both cause respiratory difficulties, as well as fatigue, scratchy throat and weight loss. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes changes in vision. Cryptococcal meningitis and toxoplasmosis share symptoms of acute headaches, confusion and memory loss. Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) causes red and purple skin legions to appear. Candidiasis symptoms reveal themselves in oral, esophagal and vaginal forms. Other AIDS-related diseases and symptoms are discussed.
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PMID:[Self-detection of symptoms]. 1136 15

Evidence of the increasing prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), particularly in females, is causing concern that it may fuel the spread of HIV. New microbicides are being investigated, focusing on the spermicide N-9. However, there have been conflicting efficacy findings, particularly concerning its effect on HIV, and confusion on dosage, frequency, delivery, and side effects. Thus, practical guidance on its use is not available. A more promising candidate, C31G (Prevecon), is under investigation. Overall, a non-contraceptive microbicide has research priority since it would allow pregnancy while protecting against STDs. There are many effective means of preventing pregnancy, but not the spread of infection.
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PMID:Council calls for guidance on spermicide use. 1136 40

The Gay and Lesbian Medical Association urges HIV prevention specialists to regard male-to-male oral-genital sex as a low-risk activity and concentrate instead on the danger of unprotected anal intercourse. According to the association, the confusion and mixed messages surrounding oral sex are harming efforts to encourage gay men to make rational choices about truly risky behavior. The recommendations appear in the association's position paper issued March 19, 1996.
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PMID:Oral sex. 1136 77


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