Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Malignant transformation has been described in 30% of cases of giant anorectal condyloma acuminatum. The authors report on a 33-year-old man who was heterosexual and HIV negative and who had a giant anal condyloma. Despite aggressive therapy with multiple fulgurations, interferon alpha and isotretinoin, an invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum developed. An abdominoperineal resection was done followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but this treatment regimen was unsuccessful in controlling the progression of his carcinoma. Human papillomavirus (HPV) serotyping in tumoral tissue was positive for HPV types 11 and 16. In patients with giant anorectal condylomas associated with oncogenic HPV, the course of the disease may be aggressive, so they may benefit from early surgical and medical intervention.
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PMID:Aggressive giant condyloma acuminatum associated with oncogenic human papilloma virus: a case report. 912 30

A sentinel surveillance system for the control of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among foreigners was developed in Italy in 1991. From January 1991 to June 1995, 4030 foreigners with a new STD episode were reported. More than one-third of them were North-Africans. The most frequent STDs were non-specific urethritis and genital warts among men, and non-specific vaginitis and latent syphilis among women. The overall HIV prevalence was 5%, with large differences in rates in people from different continents. Very high HIV-positivity rates were observed among homosexuals and homosexual IDUs from Central-South America, with 39.1% and 77.8% seropositive individuals respectively. These data stress the need for increased knowledge of both the spread of risk factors for STDs among immigrants. Particular attention should be paid to counselling procedures focused on the prevention of risk behaviours for acquiring STDs and HIV infection.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases among foreigners in Italy. Migration Medicine Study Group. 920 34

A review of the history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) control in China from 1949 to 1994 reveals high prevalences of STDs in the early period of the founding of the People's Republic of China, virtual elimination of STDs by 1964 as a result of an aggressive government campaign, and the re-emergence of STDs in the 1980s in response to the open-door policy and economic reform. Establishment of the National Center for STD Research and Control in 1986 to guide national STD control and surveillance programs represented a renewed government commitment to this problem. STD notifications are collected in 30 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions. In 1994, 50,034 STD cases were reported (incidence, 140.5/100,000). Gonorrhea remains the most prevalent STD, but syphilis, condyloma acuminatum, and nongenital urethritis are also on the increase. Prostitutes and their clients currently account for 38.4% and 30.5%, respectively, of total STD cases. By the end of 1994, 1774 cases of HIV infection, including 65 AIDS cases, had been reported. High population growth rates in the younger age groups, the influence of Western-based attitudes toward sexuality, migration to urban areas, delayed age at marriage, and uneven social and economic development by region of the country all increase the current STD risk. Recommended, to prevent the further spread of STDs in China, are the following measures: integration of STD prevention and treatment with other health and social programs, widespread sex education aimed at discouraging promiscuous sexual behavior, banning prostitution and pornography, greater control over the tourist industry, establishment of a network of grass-roots workers trained in STD prevention, early detection and regular treatment of STDs, and the expansion of scientific research in this area.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted disease control in China (1949-1994). 938 94

A profile of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV infections among teenagers in England and Wales was obtained from reports of newly diagnosed STDs among teenagers attending genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics in 1995, laboratory reports of newly diagnosed HIV infections between 1985 when reporting began and the end of 1995, and the prevalence of HIV (unlinked anonymous programme) among teenagers attending genitourinary medicine clinics and antenatal clinics in 1994 and 1995. STD reports were analysed by sex, age group, and place of residence of patients--whether in the NHS Thames regions or elsewhere in England and Wales. High rates of STDs were reported in teenagers, particularly in girls. The incidences of gonorrhoea, chlamydia infection, and first attack genital wart infections were higher in teenage girls than in any other age group. Boys under 16 years of age had substantially higher rates of infection with all STDs in the Thames regions than elsewhere. Rates of gonorrhoea in teenagers of both sexes in the Thames regions were more than twice those in the rest of the country. Infection rates for genital herpes, and chlamydia in girls, were also higher in the Thames regions, although the geographical differences were less marked. The seroprevalence of HIV among heterosexual teenagers was very low. In contrast, 226 HIV infections among teenage boys had probably been acquired through sexual intercourse with other males. Unlinked anonymous testing revealed HIV antibody in 7.5% of routinely collected serology specimens taken from teenage homosexual or bisexual males attending GUM clinics in London. The high rates of STDs among teenage girls and all teenagers in the Thames regions make these groups a high priority for sexual health promotion, with special consideration given to homo/bisexual male teenagers. Detailed surveillance of risk factors for STDs, and further studies of teenage sexual behaviour will help to effectively target resources to improve the sexual health of teenagers in England and Wales.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers in England and Wales. 939 59

As part of India's National AIDS Surveillance Program, blood cell counts and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were compared in 35 asymptomatic HIV-infected commercial sex workers (CSWs), 37 HIV-negative CSWs, and 35 age-matched, healthy, non-CSW controls. Cases and controls were residents of southern India's Vellore region. All CSWs, regardless of HIV status, had had repeated unprotected sex with 3-10 clients per night for a period of 5 or more years and had been treated at least 3 times for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the past 5 years. The frequencies of the most common STDs--genital ulcers, genital warts, syphilis, and gonorrhea--were similar in HIV-negative and HIV-positive CSWs. All CSWs had significantly higher levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM than non-CSW controls, but there were no significant differences in Ig levels between the two groups of CSWs. The only significant difference between HIV-positive and HIV-negative CSWs was in their neutrophil and CD8 counts. When compared to healthy controls, HIV-infected CSWs had significantly lower neutrophil counts and CD4:CD8 ratios and significantly higher eosinophil, lymphocyte, and CD8 cell counts. HIV-negative CSWs had significantly higher eosinophil and lymphocyte counts and lower CD4:CD8 ratios than healthy controls. The abnormal immunologic profile detected in HIV-negative as well as HIV-positive CSWs suggests that stimuli other than HIV infection are responsible for CSWs' hyperimmunoglobulinemia. These findings further highlight the importance of using appropriate controls in immunologic evaluation studies.
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PMID:Immunologic profiles of HIV-infected and uninfected commercial sex workers in the Vellore region of Southern India. 942 Mar 14

These guidelines for the treatment of patients who have sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were developed by CDC staff members after consultation with a group of invited experts who met in Atlanta on February 10-12, 1997. The information in this report updates the "1993 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines" (MMWR 1993;42[no. RR-14]). Included are new recommendations for treatment of primary and recurrent genital herpes and management of pelvic inflammatory disease; a new patient-applied medication for treatment of genital warts; and a revised approach to the management of victims of sexual assault. Revised sections describe the evaluation of urethritis and the diagnostic evaluation of congenital syphilis. These guidelines also include expanded sections concerning STDs among infants, children, and pregnant women and the management of patients who have asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection, genital warts, and genital herpes. Guidelines are provided for vaccine-preventable STDs, including recommendations for the use of hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines.
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PMID:1998 guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 946 Oct 53

Prevalence rates of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among pregnant and postpartum women were investigated in sequential, cross-sectional studies (1990, 1993, and 1994-95) conducted at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Annual anonymous, unlinked testing revealed a linear increase in HIV-1 prevalence among antenatal patients from 2.0% in 1985 to 32.8% in 1996. Analysis of demographic attributes of women enrolled in the 1990 and 1993 surveys of consecutive, first-visit antenatal women (n = 6603 and 2161, respectively) and the 1994-95 study of all women giving birth at the hospital during a 6-month period (n = 6964) indicated that HIV-infected women were most likely to be young, with fewer pregnancies, and be more educated. The highest age-specific HIV prevalence shifted from 20-24 years in 1990 to 30-34 years in 1996, indicating an aging cohort of women who became infected at a younger age. Reported lifetime use of condoms increased from 5.6% in 1990 to 17.5% in 1993, then declined to 4.9% in 1995; condom use was consistently higher among HIV-positive than HIV-negative women. The prevalence of all STDs (syphilis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, and genital warts and ulcers) declined significantly during 1990-96, with the most consistent decreases recorded among HIV-positive women. In a follow-up study of 1173 HIV-seronegative, postpartum women evaluated for 2302 person-years (average duration, 30.9 months), 97 seroconverted (4.21/100 person-years). The seroconversion rate declined steadily from 21.26/100 person-years in 1990 to 1.11/100 person-years in 1994-95. These findings are consistent with those from other sub-Saharan African countries, indicating a rapid increase in HIV prevalence followed by stabilization within about 10 years of the onset of the epidemic. The large decline in STD prevalence in the antenatal population suggests that Malawi's national AIDS prevention program is having an impact, either through improved STD diagnosis and treatment or reduced risk behaviors.
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PMID:Trends of HIV-1 and sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant and postpartum women in urban Malawi. 946 69

Little information is available regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among female sex workers (FSW) in Burkina Faso, West Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, the 2 largest cities of the country, to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among FSWs, and to investigate the factors which were associated with HIV infection in this population. From October to November 1994, 426 FSWs were recruited. The method of anonymous and unlinked HIV screening recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) was used. The overall HIV seroprevalence was 58.2% (95% confidence interval: 53.4-62.9) and 52.6% of FSWs had at least one STD agent. The most common STDs were trichomoniasis (23%), syphilis (15%) and gonorrhoea (13%). In a logistic regression analysis, risk factors for HIV infection were high gravidity (> or = 2 pregnancies), low perception of personal risk of HIV infection, syphilis and the presence of genital warts. These results suggest that FSWs in Burkina Faso need better information about HIV transmission and prevention and then need better access to STD detection and management services.
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PMID:Prevalence and risk of HIV infection among female sex workers in Burkina Faso. 953 Aug 99

Travel and tourism are associated with an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancy. This article offers guidelines for health professionals on pre-travel counseling and outlines steps in the clinical management of returning travelers who have been exposed to STIs or pregnancy. The imperative for controlling STIs is particularly urgent now that an epidemiologic link between STIs and vulnerability to HIV infection has been established. Much can be done before a trip abroad in terms of prevention, including the provision of condoms and leaflets explaining the risks of unprotected sex while on holiday or a business trip. Patients should be questioned about their sexual behaviors before, during, and after travel and those who have taken sexual risks while traveling should be offered screening for STIs. The STI-related conditions addressed in this article include vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, urethral discharge, scrotal pain, genital ulcer disease, inguinal bubo, and genital warts. Recommended treatment regimens for the most prevalent reproductive tract infections are outlined.
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PMID:The sexual health of travelers. 965 51

Several prospective studies on dermatological findings in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infected patients have been published, mostly in populations in which the predominant risk factor for HIV infection is homosexuality. We attempted to identify cutaneous diseases associated with HIV-1 infection and to assess disease progression in a cohort of Spanish patients in whom the predominant cause of HIV infection was intravenous drug abuse. We prospectively examined 1161 HIV-1-positive patients for 38 months. Seventy-four per cent of patients were intravenous drug abusers, whereas heterosexual contact was the only risk factor in 14% and homosexuality in 9%. Centers for Disease Control stage II disease predominated (51%), whereas stage IV disease was less frequent (39%). The mean CD4 count was 353/mm3. We took patients' past and present medical history and performed a complete physical examination as well as taking photographs and carrying out the necessary diagnostic procedures. CD4 counts/mm3 were measured at each visit. A diagnosis of cutaneous disease was made in 799 patients (69%). Oral candidiasis and seborrhoeic dermatitis were the most common skin disorders, followed by xerosis, drug eruptions, dermatophytosis and the papular eruption of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Condyloma acuminatum, herpes zoster and herpes simplex were the most frequent viral infections. Conditions that have a statistically significant association with advanced stage and low CD4 levels include drug eruptions, xerosis, light reactions, diffuse alopecia, herpes simplex, oral candidiasis, psoriasis, oral hairy leucoplakia, molluscum contagiosum, Kaposi's sarcoma, furuncles, candidal intertrigo, folliculitis and ungual infection, as well as onychomycosis and tinea pedis or manuum. Dermatoses commonly associated with homosexuality, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and oral hairy leucoplakia, were rare in our patients.
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PMID:Dermatological findings correlated with CD4 lymphocyte counts in a prospective 3 year study of 1161 patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease predominantly acquired through intravenous drug abuse. 976 46


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