Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Increased awareness of the medical and social costs of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) has resulted in greater attention to the control of these illnesses. STDs are responsible for a significant amount of morbidity in Morocco and have become a key target of the HIV control program. In 1996, the Ministry of Health conducted a qualitative study in order to enhance information, education and communication strategies in the national STD/HIV program. Data on the conceptualization and knowledge of STD, information sources and health-care-seeking behavior were gathered through 70 semidirected, in-depth interviews conducted with men and women in the general population and health care providers (HCPs). Two commonly applied health behavior theories in STD/HIV prevention, the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) served as a framework for data analysis. The most common name for STD is berd, which means "the cold" in Moroccan Arabic. Berd is caused either by cold striking the genital area or sexual intercourse and most often designates a syndrome of genital discharge. However, the term was also often used to indicate STD in general. The dual causality of berd maintains social stability by providing an honorable excuse for individuals who become infected, while warning against unsanctioned sexual behavior. Clear gender differences in understanding STDs and health-care-seeking behavior emerged through these interviews. STDs in Morocco are viewed as women's illnesses and men with STD often reported feeling victimized by women. Men appear to have more extensive informal information sources for STD than women. Consequences of STD, both physical and psychosocial, were viewed as more severe for women than men, and men had greater access to treatment, for both social and economic reasons.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in Morocco: gender influences on prevention and health care seeking behavior. 1074 74

Nef protein of HIV/SIV lentiviruses affects G-protein-mediated signaling, and physically associates to Lck, a myristoylated and palmitoylated Src-like tyrosine kinase. To assess whether Nef interacts with alpha-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins (Galpha), carrying the same lipidation motif as Lck, we transiently expressed Nef and G(o)alpha (wild-type or nonpalmitoylated C3S mutant), individually or in combination, in transfected COS-7 cells. Recombinant Nef was mostly recovered in particulate fractions, and a Nef-Green Fluorescent Protein chimera was localized at the plasmalemma by in vivo fluorescence imaging. Moreover, Nef and C3S were entirely solubilized by cold Triton X-100, and excluded from low buoyant density sucrose gradient fractions, containing caveolin-1, whereas wild-type G(o)alpha was partially resistant to Triton extraction, and colocalized with caveolin-1. After coexpression, Nef recruited soluble C3S to membranes, and the two proteins were coimmunoprecipitated by G(o)alpha and Nef antisera. We conclude that Nef interacts with nonpalmitoylated G(o)alpha, presumably outside caveolin-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane.
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PMID:Interaction between HIV-1 NEF and G(o) proteins in transfected COS-7 cells. 1075 65

Efforts have recently heated up in several African countries to tailor-make preparations that many believe offer the best hope yet for stopping HIV cold. But all are at the earliest stages, which means it will take years before a vaccine might prove its worth.
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PMID:Africa boosts AIDS vaccine R&D. 1089 4

An audit of blood donation at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) was performed between January 1995 and December 1998. During these four years, 21,733 persons attended the blood collection centre and 6711 (30.8%) were rejected as donors. Females accounted for 3,054 (45.6%) of rejected donors while 3,647 (54.4%) were males. Females were rejected primarily because of low haemoglobin levels, while rejection of males was most frequently attributed to symptoms of the common cold and recent drug use. One hundred and two rejected donors (1.5%) admitted to recent treatment for a sexually transmitted disease, and 138 (2.0%) presented within 16 weeks of a prior donation. Of 15,022 units donated, altruistic voluntary donations accounted for 307 (2%) and 53 (0.3%) were autologous donations. Seven hundred and four units (4.6%) were discarded because of positivity on initial testing for a marker of transmissible infection. Overall prevalence for markers of infection was 2.5% for HTLV-1, 0.9% for Hepatitis B and 0.4% for HIV I/II. Donations at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) collection centre contributed 15.8% of the national blood supply for the period under study.
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PMID:Retrospective audit of blood donation at a hospital-based blood centre. Implications for blood product supply and safety. 1107 15

Recent studies suggest that HIV-1 budding occurs selectively from detergent-insoluble membrane domains, referred to as lipid rafts. Palmitoylation is thought to be one of the factors responsible for targeting membrane proteins to lipid rafts. The cytoplasmic domain of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp160) contains two palmitoylated cysteine residues. In this work, we studied the solubility of gp160 after detergent extraction. We show that wild-type gp160 is mostly insoluble after ice-cold Triton X-100 extraction, but that it becomes almost completely soluble at 37 degrees C. In contrast, we find that a mutant gp160, in which the two palmitoylated cysteine residues are replaced by serine, is Triton X-100 soluble even under ice-cold extraction. These findings are consistent with the properties of proteins that localize to lipid rafts and strongly suggest that gp160 is associated with lipid rafts. Further, removal of both palmitoylation sites results in the formation of virus with low levels of gp160 incorporation as well as a decrease in viral infectivity by 60-fold. Our results strongly support the suggestion that HIV-1 buds from lipid rafts and point to a role for rafts as a viral assembly hub.
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PMID:Palmitoylation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is critical for viral infectivity. 1109 14

The global response to the AIDS epidemic has often been marked by ignorance, fear, shame, and complacency, resulting in a spiraling epidemic in Africa and elsewhere. However, when leaders have confronted the realities of HIV with candor and empathized with those stricken with AIDS, the results are encouraging. Because infectious diseases and their consequences do not respect political borders, HIV presents many challenges for both developing and industrialized nations. AIDS in Africa represents a global challenge and requires sustained political and monetary investments. In 1998, only $300 million in international assistance funds were available for combating HIV/AIDS. However, an estimated $1.6 billion to $2.6 billion annually may be needed to mount an effective response in sub-Saharan Africa alone. Those dollars equal less than $3.50 per person in this region, or less than a bottle of cold medicine one of us might purchase at a U.S. pharmacy. Failure to act aggressively now will cost the world economically and socially, and will result in the loss of millions of lives.
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PMID:AIDS in Africa. A global responsibility. 1124 71

Herpes is caused by a virus that causes recurring bouts of cold sores or genital lesions. The differences between herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) are explained. Herpes outbreaks can become harder to treat when the immune system is damaged by HIV. Acyclovir and famciclovir are safe and effective treatments, but preventing infection is especially important in HIV-infected individuals, as the amount of HIV in the blood increases during a herpes outbreak. World Wide Web addresses are provided for alternative herpes treatment information. A current trial is studying the effectiveness of acyclovir used with an antiviral gel, SP-303. Participants will be treated with acyclovir alone or with acyclovir and SP-303 gel. Call the Network for referral information.
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PMID:Herpes study and resources. 1136 15

Echinacea is an extract from a North American plant and is often used to treat infections, especially the common cold. Because it is able to stimulate the immune system, some people with HIV/AIDS have considered using it as a part of their treatment regimen. However, study results indicate that echinacea weakens the immune system's ability to control HIV.
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PMID:Are echinacea and HIV not a good mix? 1136 22

Famvir (famciclovir), manufactured by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, has been shown to suppress herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in people with HIV. Over a period of 4 months, 97 percent of patients treated with the drug did not experience any recurrences. The drug cleared the initial lesions, and most patients remained free of recurrences during the trial. Famvir was well tolerated, with diarrhea being the most commonly reported side effect. These findings could have a major impact on the quality of life for HIV and HSV co-infected patients. HIV patients often experience severe herpes infections, some causing potentially life-threatening complications. The company also sells a cream used for herpes cold sores and is developing an intravenous treatment for immunocompromised individuals, including those who have had chemotherapy for cancer.
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PMID:Herpes drug suppresses HSV in people with HIV. 1136 12

The Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled that Awanton endangerment@ applies in cases where HIV-positive defendants have sexual relations with another person. The ruling came in the case of [name removed], who had a 2-year sexual relationship with a woman after he was diagnosed with HIV. A grand jury had indicted him for wanton endangerment in the first degree, and he entered a conditional plea of guilty to a lesser degree of wanton endangerment. The trial judge gave him a 120-day suspended sentence and placed him on probation for a year. [Name removed] had contended that calling HIV exposure wanton endangerment was against public policy, and such a ruling would mean people could be prosecuted for exposing someone to a cold or the flu. The court's ruling is consistent with rulings in other cases related to criminal exposure to HIV.
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PMID:Kentucky court says HIV exposure is covered under endangerment law. 1136 59


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