Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is a ubiquitous protein found in all eukaryotic cells. The protein is closely associated with cell proliferation in the G1-S stage of the cell cycle. Recent findings show that the eIF-5A proteins are highly expressed in tumor cells and act as a cofactor of the Rev protein in HIV-1-infected cells. The mature eIF is the only protein known to have the unusual amino acid hypusine, a post-translationally modified lysine. The crystal structure of eIF-5A from Methanococcus jannaschii (MJ eIF-5A) has been determined at 1.9 A and 1.8 A resolution in two crystal forms by using the multiple isomorphous replacement method and the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction method for the first crystal form and the molecular replacement method for the second crystal form. The structure consists of two folding domains, one of which is similar to the oligonucleotide-binding domain found in the prokaryotic cold shock protein and the translation initiation factor IF1 despite the absence of any significant sequence similarities. The 12 highly conserved amino acid residues found among eIF-5As include the hypusine site and form a long protruding loop at one end of the elongated molecule.
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PMID:Crystal structures of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A from Methanococcus jannaschii at 1.8 A resolution. 972 18

A survey was undertaken to assess the level of compliance with recommended infection control procedures among English-speaking Caribbean general dental practitioners. A four page questionnaire was sent to all practitioners in 18 English-speaking Caribbean islands. A response rate of 32 per cent was obtained. A large proportion of dentists followed the recommended barrier techniques particularly the use of gloves and facemasks. The most commonly available methods of sterilisation were steam autoclaves (82 per cent) and cold solutions (94 per cent). Seventy four per cent of respondents had received hepatitis B vaccination. A high percentage of dentists showed willingness to treat HBV (95 per cent) and HIV (84 per cent) carriers and this level of willingness to treat infectious patients has rarely been reported previously. There is an urgent need for further improvements to avoid getting inoculation injuries and splatters in the face or eyes with body fluids. Disposal of sharps and collection of solid waste are to be upgraded. The Caribbean Atlantic Regional Dental Association is planning to carry out similar research before the end of the year 2000.
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PMID:An assessment of cross-infection control procedures among English-speaking Caribbean general dental practitioners. A regional preliminary study. 977 86

Virus inactivation by cold treatment with beta-propiolactone (BPL) was investigated in human cryo poor plasma and purified IgG concentrates spiked with relevant human viruses or appropriate animal model viruses. The samples were treated with 0.1 or 0.25% BPL for 300 or 480 min, respectively. Residual infectivity was determined by standard microtitration assays on tissue culture cells. The inactivation of all viruses tested was more effective in IgG than in plasma. IgG: R1=4-5.5 log10 for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Semliki Forest virus (SFV), bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), murine encephalomyelitis virus (MEV), feline calicivirus (FVC), suid parvovirus (PPV), simian virus 40 (SV40); R1=2-4 log10 for suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV-1), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm3). Plasma: R1=3-5 log10 for VSV, SFV, BVDV, SHV-1, MEV:R1=0-3 log10 for HIV-1, SIVagm3 BHV-1, FCV, PPV, SV40. After addition of SIVagm3, HIV-2, and PPV to plasma or IgG, spontaneous inactivation without further addition of BPL was observed. These results demonstrate that treatment with BPL has a limited capacity to inactivate viruses. Different inactivation kinetics were observed in plasma and IgG concentrates. Therefore, virus inactivation by BPL must be tested for individual blood products independently and should not be extrapolated from other model systems.
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PMID:Inactivation of viruses by beta-propiolactone in human cryo poor plasma and IgG concentrates. 981 21

Among HIV-seropositive women there is a high prevalence of anogenital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV-DNA is more frequent detected in cervicovaginal-lavage specimens from HIV-seropositive women as in those from HIV-seronegative women. We and others suggest that HIV-infection increases the risk to have HPV-associated lesions of the lower female genital tract, especially the risk for developing a squamous intraepithelial lesion of the cervix. In this report we describe the current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in HIV-seropositive women with HPV-infection. The gynecological examination should be performed at six to twelve month intervals, including the colposcopy and the Pap smear test. We hope to improve the quality of our screening program by doing an additional HPV-test. At last we investigate the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts because it is observed that women with low CD4+ cell counts (< 200/microliter) were more likely to have persistent HPV-infection as those with higher counts (> 500/microliter). The treatment method is dependent on the development of the HPV-associated lesion and the clinical status of the HIV infected women. In cases with external warts local application of Condylox should be the first line treatment. Probably in about few months we could use other drugs like Wartec or Aldara in Germany. But the effectiveness of these drugs in HIV-positive women has to be proven yet. In the cause of persistence of external warts or recurrence of the disease the systemical application of Intron A or Roferon A is possible. The CO2-lasertreatment is performed under colposcopic guidance, especially in cases with multicentric condylomatous lesions. The treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) by CO2-laservaporisation or Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) is based on the clear colposcopic visualisation of the upper limit of the lesion. If CIN reaches the endocervix, being out of colposcopic view, and the squamocolumnar junction is localised in the endocervical canal conisation by laser or cold knife has to be performed. Before performing the treatment of CIN one should exclude multicentric cervical, vaginal and vulval intraepithelial neoplasia by colposcopy, because multicentric intraepithelial neoplasia of the lower female genital tract is more frequently than in HIV-seronegative women. Multicentric disease seems to be one cause of the high recurrence of HIV-seropositive women. However, higher levels of immunosuppression (CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts < 200/microliter) are also important determinants of recurrence of the disease. Therefore, an accurate short-term follow-up with colposcopy, Pap test and HPV test should be carried out after the treatment of HIV-seropositive women with low CD4+ counts.
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PMID:[Diagnostic and therapeutic concepts of HPV infection in HIV-positive women]. 1009 10

In this study, the cold pressor test (CPT) was used to test a model of the effects of acute pain on 10 HIV+ and 10 HIV- adults. Participants were exposed to the CPT for a maximum of 5 minutes. Blood samples were collected immediately before, immediately after, and 1 hour after the CPT. Variables included immune measures (CD4+, CD8+, and CD16+ 56+ lymphocyte number, CD4+ CD8+ lymphocyte ratio and NK cell cytotoxicity), cardiovascular reactivity (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), anxiety, perceived pain intensity and perceived self-efficacy. Effects of pain were generally consistent across HIV+ and HIV- groups, with no between-group differences across time in immune responses, state anxiety and diastolic blood pressure. Within-subjects differences across time averaged over both groups were significant for NK cell cytotoxicity, CD8+ and CD16+ 56+ lymphocyte numbers, anxiety and heart rate. Significant nonlinear trends were observed for CD16+ 56+ lymphocyte numbers, NK cell cytotoxicity and state anxiety in both groups and for heart rate in the HIV+ group only. Perceived pain intensity was significantly associated with state anxiety (r = .65), systolic (r = -.56) and diastolic (-.52) blood pressure and CD4+ lymphocyte number (r = .48). Heart rate and trait anxiety were significantly associated with all immune variables. Associations were positive for CD4+ lymphocyte number and inverse for all other immune measures. Associations between perceived self-efficacy and both perceived pain intensity and anxiety were inverse, as predicted, but not significant. Overall, the direction and strength of observed relationships provided some support for the theoretical model on which the study was based. Generally, responses to acute pain were consistent and did not differ by HIV status.
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PMID:Testing a model: effects of pain on immunity in HIV+ and HIV- participants. 1018 7

Recent events concerning blood transfusion (BT) have led to the number of BT being drastically reduced and to more rigorous checking of blood donations before their use for transfusion. Very few developing countries have been able to set up BT organizations that are both self-sufficient and capable of ensuring a high quality of blood testing. A central blood bank (CBB) was set up in Kabul (Afghanistan) during the 1980s. From 1992 onwards, its activities were curtailed due to the political turmoil, lack of funds and the fact that no blood collection policy was being implemented. A partnership between a development aid agency (Avicen), French public institutions and the local authorities has resulted in the rebirth of this CBB by the injection of financial resources and technical and scientific expertise. An independent committee of BT specialists was responsible for assessing the scientific validity and ethical acceptability of the project. In 1996, the objectives of the project, which had been in operation for one year, were achieved as far as the renovation of the laboratories was concerned. Work has focused mostly on setting up a proper cold chain and on training laboratory technicians in standard biological methods for testing blood from donors (blood group, HIV screening, Ag Hbs, HCV and syphilis). However, due to the shortage of blood donors, it has been difficult to set up a minimum blood bank stock. The results of the first biological tests carried out on the blood of the first 1,281 donors have made it possible to define an appropriate, detailed policy for preventing and controlling the main risks of infection from BT, involving routine testing for HIV, Ag HBs and HCV (0.3% prevalence). BT is a major component of any health care system and it must be reconstructed. The measures proposed here are long-term and require the ongoing participation of all those involved in this project including the local authorities and sources of financial support.
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PMID:[Establishment of a blood transfusion center at Kabul (Afghanistan)]. 1021 Jul 98

The low levels of complement receptor 1 (CR1) on erythrocytes in autoimmune diseases and AIDS may be due to accelerated loss in the circulation, or to a diminished expression of CR1 on the red cell lineage. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of CR1 on reticulocytes (R) vs erythrocytes (E). Healthy subjects had a significant higher CR1 number per cell on R (919 +/- 99 CR1/cell) than on E (279 +/- 30 CR1/cell, n = 23), which corresponded to a 3. 5- +/- 1.3-fold loss of CR1. This intravascular loss was confirmed by FACS analysis, which showed that all R expressed CR1, whereas a large fraction of E was negative. The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), HIV-infected, and cold hemolytic Ab disease (CHAD) patients had a CR1 number on R identical to the healthy subjects, contrasting with a lower CR1 on their E. The data indicated a significantly higher loss of CR1 in the three diseases, i.e., 7.0- +/- 3.8-, 6.1- +/- 2.9-, and 9.6- +/- 5.6-fold, respectively. The intravascular loss was best exemplified in a patient with factor I deficiency whose CR1 dropped from 520 CR1/R to 28 CR1/E, i.e., 18.6-fold loss. In one SLE patient and in the factor I-deficient patient, the FACS data were consistent with a loss of CR1 already on some R. In conclusion, CR1 is lost progressively from normal E during in vivo aging so that old E are almost devoid of CR1. The low CR1 of RBC in autoimmune diseases and HIV-infection is due to a loss occurring in the circulation by an active process that remains to be defined.
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PMID:Complement receptor 1 (CD35) on human reticulocytes: normal expression in systemic lupus erythematosus and HIV-infected patients. 1035 11

Gay men's stereotypes about who is HIV-infected were investigated. Young uninfected (n=62), older uninfected (n=61), and infected (n=65) gay men read brief descriptions of men they did not know and estimated the likelihood that they were infected. Each description highlighted one characteristic of the man described. There were 3 versions of each sketch; the versions highlighting preferred sexual practice, for example, described the man as either preferring insertive anal intercourse, preferring receptive anal intercourse, or liking both equally. Results were largely the same for the 3 sample groups. For 6 of the 9 characteristics investigated--preferred haunts, preferred sexual practice, dress code, access to gay venues, occupation, and sexual orientation--significantly different estimates were given for the different versions. Results are discussed in relation to how AIDS education might counter the use by gay men of stereotypes to infer whether a given sex partner is infected. It is suggested that these stereotypes are likely to be present 'on line' (during actual sexual encounters), rather than 'off line' (in the cold light of day), thereby complicating the task of AIDS educators.
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PMID:Gay men's stereotypes about who is HIV infected: a further study. 1049 27

We have used 8-O-dGTP, a mutagenic nucleotide generated by oxidative metabolism, to probe the misincorporation potential of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) during DNA synthesis templated by the same nucleotide sequence as either RNA or DNA. With either template, 8-O-dGMP was misincorporated opposite template A, yielding characteristic A-->C transversions. The error rate with DNA was similar to that with RNA, suggesting that base misincorporation by the RT during first-strand and second-strand replication may contribute equally to the HIV-1 base substitution mutation rate. The rate of 8-O-dGMP misincorporation differed by more than 10-fold among the 20 adenines in the M13mp2 template where A-->C transversions can be detected. The transversion distribution was similar with the two templates, indicating that the effects of flanking nucleotides on misincorporation rates were similar. This is consistent with structural and biochemical data suggesting that HIV-1 RT binds RNA x DNA and DNA x DNA template-primers in the same orientation. The similarities in error rates and distribution further indicate that, despite differences in the structures of free RNA x DNA and DNA x DNA duplexes (e.g., minor groove dimensions), the polymerase active site that assembles upon substrate binding establishes a similar degree of nucleotide selectivity with both types of template-primers. Comparison of the RT error distribution to that observed with two Pol I family DNA polymerases and a Pol alpha family polymerase revealed common hot and cold spots for misincorporation. This suggests that the local nucleotide sequence influences the nucleotide selectivity of four polymerases in a similar manner, despite their differences in structure, biochemical properties, and functions.
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PMID:The base substitution fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase on DNA and RNA templates probed with 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine triphosphate. 1052

Two HIV-1 proteins, Tat and NCp7 (NC), have zinc finger-like structures. NC is a virion protein and has been shown to accumulate in the nucleus 8 h postinfection. Since transcription factors with zinc fingers assist the transcriptional activity of both RNA polymerases II and III, we examined the effect of NC on HIV-1 LTR-directed gene expression. The HIV-1 NC binds to the HIV-1 LTR and results in a mobility shift in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Competition assays with cold probes revealed that the binding of NC and formation of a DNA-protein complex could be prevented by the addition of excess unlabeled LTR self-probe, but not the HIV-1 V3 envelope gene. The DNase I footprint analysis showed that NC binds to six regions within HIV-1 LTR, four of which are near the transcription start site. The NC alone enhances LTR basal-level activity in RNA runoff experiments. When the general transcription factors (GTFs) were added in the assay, NC enhances NF-kappaB, Sp1, and TFIIB-induced HIV-1 LTR-directed RNA transcription. RNA transcription directed by the adenovirus major late promoter, however, is not significantly affected by NC in the cell-free system. Transient transfection of human T lymphocytes with the plasmids containing HIV-1 nc or gag showed enhancement of LTR-CAT activity. Moreover, transfection of HIV-1 provirus containing mutations in NC zinc-finger domains dramatically decreases the enhancement activity in human T cells, in which HIV-1 LTR is stably integrated into the cellular genome. These observations show that NC binds to HIV-1 LTR and cooperatively enhances GTFs and NF-kappaB induced HIV-1 LTR basal-level activity. NC may play the role of a nucleation protein, which binds to LTR and enhances basal-level transcription by recruiting cellular transcription factors to the HIV-1 promoter in competition with cellular promoters.
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PMID:Enhancement of the basal-level activity of HIV-1 long terminal repeat by HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein. 1070 34


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