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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eleven haemophiliac boys infected with HIV were screened for irregular red cell antibodies and were compared with nine haemophiliac boys who did not have antibodies to HIV. Seven (64%) of the children who had antibodies to HIV also had cold agglutinins, mostly of anti-I specificity, compared with one (11%) of those who did not have antibodies to HIV. The children with antibodies to HIV and cold agglutinins had a significantly increased mean IgM concentration. The presence of cold agglutinins was not correlated with T4 lymphocyte count, symptoms of HIV infection, serum beta 2 microglobulin concentrations, concentrations of IgG or IgA, or with the evidence of past infection with cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus.
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PMID:Cold agglutinins in haemophiliac boys infected with HIV. 205 1

Sore throats are most commonly due to infections, many of which are viral and do not require specific treatment. Symptoms and signs of the common cold, influenza or croup, the occurrence of conjunctivitis in some adenoviral infections, generalised lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly in glandular fever or the presence of vesicles characteristic of herpangina (Coxsackie A virus) or of herpes simplex infection, occasionally enable a clinical diagnosis and avoid the need for antibiotic therapy. In the case of treatable conditions a typical membrane may suggest diphtheria, a scarlatiniform rash infection due to Streptococcus pyogenes or to Corynebacterium haemolyticum, and a cherry-red epiglottis Haemophilus influenzae type b. Associated atypical pneumonia suggests infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Pharyngitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae may be accompanied by infection at other sites or by other sexually transmitted diseases. Candidal infection, in the appropriate clinical circumstance, should suggest HIV infection. Surgical drainage is required in the case of peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscess. Noninfectious cases of sore throat, e.g. thyroiditis, are relatively uncommon considerations in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile pharyngitis. The most common problem is to recognise streptococcal pharyngitis, which requires antibiotic treatment for 10 days to avoid the risk of rheumatic fever.
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PMID:The sore throat. When to investigate and when to prescribe. 207

Natural killer (NK) cells have long been known to aid in the control of viral infections by killing virus-infected cells, including those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among the possible NK-susceptible target cells in an infected individual, the monocyte/macrophages are of special significance since they may serve as both a reservoir of HIV and aid in dissemination of the virus throughout the body. A new technique for the enrichment and cultivation of large numbers of recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2)-stimulated NK cells has been developed which provides cells with high cytotoxic activity. These IL-2-activated NK cells, adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells (A-LAK), can kill monocytes infected with HIV for 24 h to 7 days, with optimal target sensitivity between 3 and 7 days. Recognition and killing of the infected monocytes did not appear to be restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and could be cold-target inhibited by tumor cell lines. A-LAK cells may be useful in newer therapeutic approaches to treatment of HIV infection.
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PMID:Cytotoxic activity against HIV-infected monocytes by recombinant interleukin 2-activated natural killer cells. 222 37

We compared autonomic function in 26 patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (18 AIDS and 8 ARC) to 22 controls. A significant decline in autonomic function was present across groups. Autonomic dysfunction correlated strongly with signs of HIV-associated nervous system disease. We observed significant differences across groups in tests of heart rate variation (expiratory-inspiratory ratio, maximum minus minimum heart rate difference, and mean square successive difference), the mean arterial blood pressure fall to tilting, and the blood pressure response to isometric exercise. A trend of declining autonomic function from controls to AIDS was present in the 30:15 ratio, the Valsalva ration, the systolic blood pressure fall to standing and tilt, and the cold pressor test. We did not observe any correlation between autonomic dysfunction and individual neurologic signs, prior therapeutic agents, and concurrent HIV-associated inflammatory or neoplastic processes. This study provides support for the presence of autonomic dysfunction in association with HIV infection. Autonomic dysfunction occurs more frequently and with greater severity in patients with AIDS; however, it may be present in the early stages of HIV infection and appears to progress during the illness.
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PMID:Autonomic function and human immunodeficiency virus infection. 232 Feb 29

Cold supernatant which was prepared from factor VIII:C containing cryoprecipitate was seeded with HIV-1, then treated with a mixture of tri (n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and triton X-100. A greater than 10(11)-fold reduction of HIV-1 infectivity was observed. In a separate experiment, cold supernatant which had been seeded with HIV-1 was chromatographed on an immunoaffinity column, resulting in a 10(4)-fold reduction of infectivity. None of the 17 patients treated with the purified product and followed for at least three months has shown serologic evidence of HIV-1 or other viral infections.
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PMID:Inactivation and removal of human immunodeficiency virus in monoclonal purified antihemophilic factor (human) (Hemofil M). 251 Mar 62

HIV-1 is capable of infecting many different cell types that express the CD4 molecule. In vivo and in vitro this infection is associated with profound immunologic defects. We have examined the effect of HIV-1 infection on the expression of MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules to explore the possibility that this important immune system molecule is perturbed after HIV-1 infection. Our data show that in vitro, HIV-1 infection of CD4+ PBL, and the CD4+ cell lines, CEM-E5, HT, and U937, results in decreased expression of MHC-I molecules on the cell surface. This down-modulation is transient, occurring 18 h after HIV-1 infection of CD4+ PBL and returning to normal expression by 24 h. In CEM-E5, MHC-I down-modulation occurs over the course of days, reaching its greatest decrease (40%) about the time the cells are producing the most virus. Reversal of MHC-I expression to normal levels occurs as viral production decreases. Down-regulation during the time periods examined appear to be specific for MHC-I and does not occur with other cell-surface Ag nor is it caused by selection of a preexisting cell population with low MHC-I expression. Radioimmunoprecipitation of MHC-I protein from CEM-E5 indicated that the decrease of surface MHC-I is caused by decreased total protein secondary to a decrease in the level of mRNA for MHC-I. These decreased levels of MHC-I are biologically relevant because HIV-1 infected CEM-E5 cells are less susceptible to CTL lysis determined by the use of MHC-I cytolytic T cell clones and with the use of cold target-inhibition assay.
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PMID:Down-modulation of MHC-I in a CD4+ T cell line, CEM-E5, after HIV-1 infection. 257 45

Pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was known to be a new disease that could be acquired from the mother even before human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was identified. The suggested routes of transmission of infection are intrauterine, perinatal--from contact with infected maternal genital secretions, or through breastfeeding. At this time the problem in Europe concerns primarily women in high-risk groups: intravenous drug abusers, prostitutes, women from countries where the prevalence of HIV is high, and women whose sexual partners are in a high-risk group. In the future, the infection may extend beyond women in high-risk groups as the disease becomes more prevalent in the community. It has been claimed that pregnancy accelerates symptoms in women who are HIV positive, yet this is based on only a series of case reports of severe infection in pregnancy and on the development of AIDS in asymptomatic women in pregnancy subsequent to the birth of an AIDS child. The only data capable of shedding some light on this issue would be a prospective followup of both pregnant and nonpregnant HIV-positive women from similar high-risk groups. Such a study is ongoing in the US. An increasing number of case reports suggest intrauterine transmission of infection. The following 3 case reports provide clear evidence of intrauterine transmission. Sprecher et al. (1986) detected HIV antigen in amniotic fluid and fetal tissues from a pregnancy termination at 15 weeks gestation in a woman with stage IV AIDS and Kaposi sarcoma. Lapointe et al. (1985) reported an infant born by cesarean section at 28 weeks gestation to a mother with terminal aids. A new dysmorphic syndrome recently has been described in children with symptomatic HIV infection (Marion et al., 1986). HIV has been isolated from cervical secretions (Fogt et al., 1986; Wofsy et al., 1986), which suggests that this cold be another source of infection. There is 1 report of isolation of HIV from the noncellular fraction of breast milk (Thirty et al., 1985). Several case reports have described acquired immunodeficiency in infants for whom the only known risk factor was neonatal transfusion from an individual later found to be suffering from AIDS. The risk of transmission from an infected mother to her infant is unknown, but the best available evidence comes from a study of children born to women who had previously given birth to a child with AIDS (Scott et al, 1985). Of 12 children, 4 developed AIDS or Aids-related complex. Clinical problems among children with AIDS or AIDS-related complex have been fully described. The fatality rate of children with AIDS is high, but the ultimate progress of children with less severe disease or who have asymptomatic infection is known.
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PMID:Obstetric and perinatal consequences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: a review. 355 6

The emergence of HIV infection and AIDS has refocused concern on the obligations surrounding the carrying and transmission of communicable diseases. This article asks three related questions: Is there a general duty not to spread contagion? Are there special obligations not to communicate disease in the workplace? And does the mode of transmission of the disease affect the ethics of transmission and, if so, how and to what extent? There seems to be a strong prima facie obligation not to harm others by making them ill where this is avoidable, and this obligation not to communicate disease applies as much to relatively trivial diseases like the common cold as it does to HIV disease. The reasonableness of expecting people to live up to this obligation, however, depends on society reciprocating the obligation in the form of providing protection and compensation.
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PMID:Is there a moral obligation not to infect others? 748 7

This paper describes an improved method for detecting tyrosine phosphorylation levels in T cell subsets by flow cytometry early after CD3 crosslinking stimulation. It consists in introducing gentle paraformaldehyde fixation between CD3 crosslinking in cold conditions and the shift to 37 degrees C, which activates downstream signalling machinery. We used the combined properties of monoclonal antibodies for stimulating cells and for detecting surface markers to analyze protein-tyrosine phosphorylation levels in T cells subsets following stimulations which mimic physiological activation. Overall data obtained in healthy subjects, using two- or three-color immunofluorescence, indicated that: (1) most CD3 positive cells phosphorylate tyrosine substrates following CD3 crosslinking stimulation and (2) helper cells phosphorylate tyrosine to a slightly better extent than cytotoxic cells after CD3 crosslinking. Nevertheless, the two subsets follow similar kinetic patterns and tend to retain a homogeneous profile. Processing of samples from HIV-seropositive patients showed heterogeneous phosphorylation levels in both subsets, when compared to normal donors. This assay should, in the future, lead to easy and rapid exploration of the signal transduction pathway in different subsets of T cells under normal and pathological conditions.
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PMID:Flow cytometric analysis of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in peripheral T cell subsets. Application to healthy and HIV-seropositive subjects. 754

A young HIV-infected patient presented with a severe auto-immune haemolytic anaemia with both warm and cold auto-antibodies, an infrequent category of anti-erythrocyte auto-immunity. Serological findings were compatible with the presence of a low-titre, high-thermal-amplitude anti-I cold-reacting antibody and a pan-reactive warm-reactive auto-antibody. Immunochemical characterisation of the warm antibody failed to identify any membrane protein acting as auto-antigen. This is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of mixed-type auto-immune haemolytic anaemia in a patient with HIV infection. Overt haemolysis is a very rare complication in HIV-infected patients, despite the high prevalence of a positive direct antiglobulin test reported in these patients. This suggests that HIV infection is a condition in which anti-erythrocyte auto-immunity is a serological finding without haemolytic effects in the large majority of cases.
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PMID:Mixed-type auto-immune haemolytic anaemia in a patient with HIV infection. 762 78


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