Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of lower genital neoplasia and Human Papilloma-virus-related genital lesions were evaluated in a cohort of 75 women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection at different stages of HIV disease. The overall rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in the group studied was 29.3% (22/75). Eight out of 10 high-grade CIN lesions contained 'high-risk' HPV-DNA 16/18 and/or 31/35/51 as demonstrated by 'in situ' hybridization with biotinylated probes. Vulvar and/or perianal condylomata were histologically diagnosed in 14 patients (18.7%); nine of these biopsies contained detectable HPV-DNA which was always related to HPV 6/11. The rate of high-grade CIN in symptomatic HIV-infected patients was 28% (7/25) as compared to 6% (3/50) of the other cases (P = 0.022). CD4 lymphocyte counts, white blood cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio and percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes were lower in patients with high-grade CIN in comparison to the patients with negative colposcopical and/or cytological examination. After adequate standard treatment (cryotherapy, electrocauterization, cold-knife conization) only one case of CIN 2 recurred during the 2 years of follow-up period. The prevalence of lower genital neoplasia and HPV-related lesions among HIV-infected women is high and seems to correlate with the severity of HIV disease.
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PMID:Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of lower genital neoplasia in women with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 131 1

Obstetrician-gynecologists and chemists analyzed data on midcycle cervical mucus samples from normally cycling women attending the infertility clinic at the University Hospital of South Manchester, England, to determine the ability of nonoxynol-9 to diffuse into the mucus, thereby testing its spermicidal activity. They used the double diffusion test. They compared diffusion depths of radiolabelled nonoxynol-9 at 120 minutes with those of D-glucose, an uncharged small molecule. They compared the depths of these 2 methods with those of controls containing Tyrode's solution. Migration of spermatozoa in 6 nonoxynol-9 rectangular capillaries was greater than the Tyrode controls, lower in 5 capillaries, and the same in 9 capillaries. Thus, no difference in spermatozoal penetration into midcycle cervical mucus existed between nonoxynol-9 and Tyrode's solution. Further, a 62% concentration of D-glucose was evident in the 1st 5 mm of the cervical mucus column at 2 hours and the concentration fell exponentially. The chemists cold still detect D-glucose at 30 mm at 2 hours. On the other hand, they detected nonoxynol-9 at a 6 times lower concentration than D-glucose in the 1st 5 mm at 2 hours, but could not detect it beyond 5 mm. This meant that, in vivo, only 10% of nonoxynol-9 would be in the interfacial zone of the cervical mucus and not at greater depths. If these results hold true, the ability of nonoxynol-9 to act as a contraceptive and a means to destroy HIV would be limited in the upper genital tract and the cervix. In conclusion, nonoxynol-9's spermicidal activity in midcycle cervical mucus is considerably lower than it is in free solution.
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PMID:Compatibility between the spermicide nonoxynol 9 and mid-cycle human cervical mucus. 133 87

1200 delegates from 175 member countries attended the 45th World Health Assembly in Geneva. Everyone at the Assembly ratified measures to prevent and control AIDS. 12 countries intended to do long term planning for community based care for AIDS patients. Further the Assembly denounced instances where countries and individuals denied the gravity of the AIDS pandemic. In fact, it expressed the importance for urgent and intensive action against HIV/AIDS. The assembly backed proposals to prevent and control sexually transmitted diseases that affect AIDS patients, especially hepatitis B. For example, in countries with hepatitis B prevalence 8% (many countries in Sub-Sahara Africa, Asia, the Pacific region, and South America), health officials should introduce hepatitis B vaccine into their existing immunization programs by 1995. By 1997, this vaccine should be part of all immunization programs. The Assembly was aware of the obstacles of establishing reliable cold chains for nationwide distribution, however. Delegates in Committee A objected to the fact that 50% of the populations of developing countries continued to have limited access to essential drugs. They also expressed disapproval in implementation of WHO's 1988 ethical criteria for promotion of drugs which WHO entrusted to the Council for International Organisations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). CIOMS lacked WHO's status and thus could not effectively monitor drug advertising. In fact, the pharmaceutical industry as well as WHO provided the funds for a meeting of 25 experts to discuss principles included in the ethical criteria. At least 4 countries insisted that WHO have the ultimate authority in monitoring drug advertising. Delegates did adopt a compromise resolution on this topic which required that industry promotion methods be reported to the 1994 Assembly via the Executive Board. The Assembly requested WHO to establish an international advisory committee on nursing and midwifery and to improve the network of WHO collaborating centers which help national nursing groups.
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PMID:WHO: World Health Assembly. 134 79

The F105 mAb, identified in an HIV-1-infected individual, binds to a discontinuous epitope on the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein, blocks the binding of gp120 to the CD4 viral receptor, and neutralizes a broad range of HIV-1 isolates. This study reports the primary nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the rearranged heavy and light chains of the mAb F105. This IgG1k mAb uses a VH gene member of the VH4 gene family (V71-4) and is productively rearranged with a D-D fusion product of the dlr4 and da4 germline DH genes and the JH5 gene. This rearranged heavy chain gene expresses the VH4-HV2a idiotope, which is seen in human monoclonal IgM cold agglutinins. The F105 Vk appears to be derived from the Humvk325 germline gene and is rearranged with a Jk2 gene. For both chains, the mutational pattern in the rearranged VH and VL genes is indicative of an antigen-driven process. These studies show that production of a broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibody that recognizes determinants within the CD4 recognition site of the envelope glycoprotein is achieved by rearrangement of the V71-4 and Humvk325 germline variable region genes along with selected individual point mutations in the rearranged genes.
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PMID:Characterization of the cDNA of a broadly reactive neutralizing human anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody. 140 Oct 79

Save the Children Fund has switched its emphasis from just providing vaccines, cold chain equipment, training materials, and technical assistance to developing sustainable delivery systems for various basic health services, including vaccines. A reliable delivery system and effective management of the system determine the availability and equitable distribution of vaccines. Vaccine availability also depends on parents or guardians accepting the vaccine's worth in preventing disability and mortality in mothers and children. Save the Children attempts to influence policy and practice through its direct experience of service delivery with community and national partners. It even uses this experience to affect the international community. Structural adjustment policies and debt rescheduling, set up by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, stress capital expenditure rather than addressing recurrent costs of health and social services, e.g., immunization. Thus, they harm women and children in developing countries. Health providers worldwide must realize that simple and effective technologies can only prevent, cure, or treat infectious diseases, if they can be delivered. An effective system of delivery and distribution of services to families and communities can contain and control the HIV/AIDS pandemic which mainly affects the poor and the powerless. When groups develop health services, e.g., immunization, they must be familiar with and sensitive to local needs, local resources, local skills, attitudes, and abilities. Flexible management of resources is needed. Greater cooperation and coordination between governments, agencies, donors, health care providers, and the community is essential so developing countries can achieve and sustain an immunization coverage of at least 80%. The international community must not neglect people in developing countries as it also confronts the needs of Eastern Europe and states of the former Soviet Union. Nongovernmental groups should take a role in addressing these issues.
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PMID:Availability of quality vaccines: policies of a non-government organization. 147 21

Cryoimmunoglobulins are associated with numerous clinical problems ranging from collagen vascular disorders (rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus) to infectious processes including HIV infection. The precise role of cryoglobulins in the pathophysiology of these disorders remains unresolved. Although cold insolubility may account for some of the observed processes, it cannot explain the entire array of findings in cryoglobulinemia. An alternative hypothesis suggests that the subtle differences responsible for cold precipitation of these proteins renders them intrinsically more sticky, resulting in deposition of cryoimmunoglobulins on vascular surfaces. We have explored this hypothesis by characterizing the binding of monoclonal cold soluble and cryoimmunoglobulins to silica beads as a model biological surface. It is found that monoclonal, type I, IgM and IgG cryoglobulins have only a slight tendency to bind to a greater extent to this surface than cold soluble immunoglobulins. Physical studies utilizing front surface fluorescence measurements and differential scanning calorimetry show surface interaction leads to partial thermal destabilization of the proteins. To a limited extent, this destabilization is more pronounced with the cryoglobulins compared to cold-soluble control homologues. Surface bound IgM cryoimmunoglobulin was also found to fix complement less efficiently than their cold soluble surface bound counterparts. These studies do not strongly support the hypothesis that pathological mechanisms of cryoimmunoglobulins primarily involve abnormal surface interactions, although surface effects could play a limited role in some situations.
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PMID:The interaction of cryoimmunoglobulins with a model surface. 165 45

A total of 100% of sera from a large number of HIV-1-infected patients contained antibodies able to elicit Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity lysis of cells infected with the HIV-1 isolates IIIB or RF. Levels of activity could not be correlated with activities in ELISA or neutralizing antibody assays nor with the clinical status of the patients. Surprisingly, 8 of 156 patients sera could additionally elicit lysis of HIV-2-infected cells, and cold target competition assays demonstrated that the cross-reactivity was apparently mediated via recognition of common epitope(s) expressed on the surface of cells infected with either group of HIV. The ADCC mechanism was shown to be mediated by a CD16+ lymphocyte. This demonstration of an effector mechanism able to attack and eliminate cells infected with a wide range of HIV strains has obvious implications for development of putative vaccines.
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PMID:Demonstration of cross-reactive antibodies able to elicit lysis of both HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected cells. 169 7

The polybren test (P) was used parallelly with the antiglobulin test (PTA-LISS) and enzymatic test (LEN) for detection of HIV-1 antibodies. The analysis of the results of testing of 646 sera showed that the P test is a simple method making possible detection of most antibodies of the IgG class without using antiglobulin serum within up to 3 minutes. The sensitivity of the P test was high. The sera with antibodies to the antigens of the systems Rh, Kidd, Duffy, MNSs and other less frequent antibodies such as anti-Vel, anti-Coa anti-Co(b), anti-Dia and anti-Ge showed the highest activity in the P test. In one serum anti-D antibodies, in three sera anti-C and in one serum anti-Ge antibodies were detected only in the P test, while no reactions were obtained in the PTA-LISS and LEN tests. Among the immune antibodies the exception was the antibody to Kell antigens which weakly reacted in the P test and in most cases an additional phase of testing with antiglobulin PTA-P was necessary for its demonstration. The P test was of low usefulness in the detection of cold IgM antibodies such as anti-Le, anti-Fe1, anti-I and anti-HI.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the test using polybrene for the detection of anti-erythrocyte antibodies]. 182 54

Norepinephrine response to a cold pressor test was investigated in 95 homosexual men in a longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The baseline data obtained from 76 HIV+ and 19 HIV- subjects are included in this report. After the insertion of a venicatheter and following a 30 min rest, subjects immersed one of their hands in ice water for 2 min, and serial blood samples were obtained for the determination of catecholamine levels. The results show that the norepinephrine response in HIV+ subjects compared to that of HIV- subjects was blunted. Examination of the responses using linear and quadratic orthogonal polynomials suggested that these differences between the two groups were primarily a function of their rate of increase in norepinephrine levels. It was observed also that in HIV+ subjects, norepinephrine level peaked earlier than that in HIV- subjects. The data suggest that autonomic dysfunction is present in the early stages of HIV infection.
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PMID:Norepinephrine response in early HIV infection. 185 90

The risk of transmission of HIV virus by blood transfusion or by bone transplant during cold orthopedic surgery has been studied on the basis of known French epidemiological data concerning the problem. The authors take the opportunity to discuss appropriate methods for limiting these risks (programmed and delayed self-transfusion, sterilisation of grafts) and their own experience in this area.
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PMID:[The risk of transmission of HIV virus during orthopedic surgery and its prevention]. 189 83


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