Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although anemia is a common finding among human immunodeficiency (HIV)-infected infants in sub-Saharan Africa, the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of anemia have not been well characterized. We sought to characterize the relative contribution of iron deficiency and chronic disease to the anemia among infants. Hemoglobin, ferritin, erythropoietin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), neopterin, CD4(+) lymphocyte count and plasma HIV load were measured in 165 HIV-infected and 39 uninfected 9-mo-old infants seen in an outpatient pediatric clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Among HIV-infected and uninfected infants, the prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin < 110 g/L) was 90.9 and 76.9%, respectively (P = 0.015), and the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin < 110 g/L and ferritin < 12 microg/L) was 44.3 and 45.4%, respectively (P = 0.92). The relatively higher prevalence of anemia among HIV-infected infants was attributed to the anemia of chronic disease. Among infants with and without iron deficiency, the fitted regression line was log(10) plasma erythropoietin = 2.86 - 0.016.hemoglobin, and log(10) plasma erythropoietin = 4.11 - 0.028.hemoglobin, respectively, with a difference in the slope of the regression lines between log(10) erythropoietin and hemoglobin among infants with and without iron deficiency (P = 0.049). Infants in Uganda have an extremely high prevalence of anemia, and nearly half of the anemia is due to iron deficiency. The erythropoietin response to anemia appears to be upregulated among infants with iron deficiency.
 ...
PMID:Iron deficiency anemia is highly prevalent among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected infants in Uganda. 1188 May 66

HIV disease presents a continuous learning curve as we move from managing a fatal illness to treating a chronic disease. Even though the HIV epidemic is more than 20 years old, our understanding of the disease and its management are constantly evolving. New technologies are an important part of this learning curve. As they are introduced, providers and managed care organizations need to develop policies and procedures that reflect the state of the art in HIV care to continue to build on the good outcomes seen since the advent of HAART. While this model of care is "expensive," it is less expensive long-term than the poorer outcomes and costs associated with increased hospitalization, drug resistance, and preventable morbidity in HIV disease.
 ...
PMID:HIV disease management: new technologies improve outcomes and contain costs. 1190 42

HIV-1 infection is generally characterized by a long-term, chronic disease course gradually progressing to AIDS. However, there are a few but strikingly different scenarios. A small fraction of HIV-1 infections remains normal both clinically and immunologically over 10 years or more after seroconversion. Conversely, another marked fraction is featured by an extremely rapid disease progression taking place even within one year. Determining the host factors of these different disease courses would be extremely helpful for better understanding and control of AIDS. Here we show examples of host genetic polymorphisms, which can affect HIV-1 transmission and disease courses.
 ...
PMID:[Host genetic polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 disease]. 1196 79

Knowledge regarding the basic mechanisms of pediatric HIV infection and its prevention and treatment has expanded greatly in the last decade. Significant questions remain and have been largely refocused to the complexities of a chronic disease process. Management invariably requires specialists who must keep abreast of a rapidly evolving information base.
 ...
PMID:Pediatric HIV infection and treatment. 1224 96

The number of people falling ill as a result of HIV infection will rise dramatically in coming years, regardless of existing prevention efforts. Since AIDS is a chronic disease lasting months or years, the home is increasingly the option of choice for care for both sick individuals and health care systems. If the majority of people living with AIDS are to receive care within the family, a comprehensive range of medical, nursing, and counselling services must exist from hospital to home. The best care depends on a continuity of services, with referrals to help the sick receive comprehensive services as close to the home as possible. When care moves out of health care facilities into the family, community dynamics enter the picture. People living with AIDS, and sometimes the families caring for them, may be rejected. Without support, communities and families may abandon their traditional caring roles, and AIDS patients may be left homeless. The booklet of the World Health Organization's Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) entitled Living with AIDS in the community aims to help individuals, families, and communities to live positively with AIDS. In considering family care, the effect of HIV/AIDS on households is immense. Spending on care for AIDS patients may reduce the amount available for the health care of other family members. Communities should develop supportive networks composed of neighbors, religious groups and clubs in order to avoid the full burden falling on female members of the family. Care provided by family, friends or neighbors is not devoid of problems. Many may be worried about their lack of knowledge or about giving emotional support to someone who is terminally ill. They may also fear catching AIDS themselves. GPA recently published an AIDS Home Care Handbook to help health care workers teach and guide families.
 ...
PMID:AIDS care in the family. 1228 8

HIV-infection is now a treatable chronic disease. The lipodystrophy syndrome, which is a common complication of treatment, is characterized by peripheral lipoatrophy, central lipohypertrophy, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. The underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood, but the combination of protease inhibitors with nucleoside analogs seems to induce complicated metabolic disturbances. From the patient's point of view, facial atrophy is the most stigmatizing aspect of the syndrome and might badly influence treatment adherence, crucial for long term antiviral efficacy. We propose a topographical classification and grading of facial lipoatrophy, and describe local treatment with injectable hyaluronic acid in gel form. The problem with such injections is their high cost. Since hyaluronic acid injections are not covered by the usual government subsidy for prescription medicines, ways of financing such treatments should be sought.
 ...
PMID:[Facial lipodystrophy in patients with HIV infections troublesome to treat]. 1239 31

Coinfection with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is more common than that with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV), although more attention has been given to HCV coinfection as a result of its higher frequency of chronic disease. Natural history studies with HIV-HCV coinfection have also shown more rapid progression of liver disease, and end-stage liver disease due to hepatitis C is now a leading cause of death in HIV-infected patients. Like HCV infection, HBV infection can also be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV infection. Fortunately, treatment options of hepatitis B are expanding and may have a clinical impact on slowing disease progression. A case study of a patient with severe HBV-HIV coinfection is presented to illustrate what is known about this increasingly problematic disease state.
 ...
PMID:Case report. Hepatitis B virus and HIV coinfection. 1240 2

Cardiovascular complications are frequently encountered in the HIV-infected population. Cardiac care providers should implement appropriate preventive, screening, and therapeutic strategies to maximize survival and quality of life in this increasingly treatable, chronic disease. All HIV-infected individuals should undergo periodic cardiac evaluation, including echocardiography, in order to identify subclinical cardiac dysfunction. Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction can result from, or be exacerbated by, a variety of treatable infectious, endocrine, nutritional, and immunologic disorders. Aggressive diagnosis and treatment of these conditions may lead to improvement or even normalization of myocardial function. Endomyocardial biopsy should be considered to direct etiology-specific therapy. Standard measures for the prevention and treatment of congestive heart failure are recommended for HIV-infected patients. Afterload reduction with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors may be indicated for patients with elevated afterload and preclinical LV dysfunction diagnosed by echocardiogram. However, judicious drug selection and titration are necessary in this cohort of patients with frequent autonomic dysfunction, at risk for a number of potentially lethal drug interactions. Carnitine, selenium, and multivitamin supplementation should be considered, especially in those with wasting or diarrhea syndromes. Monthly intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) infusions have been demonstrated to preserve LV parameters in HIV-infected children; ventricular recovery has been documented in some children with recalcitrant HIV-related cardiomyopathy following IVIG infusion. We support the use of immunomodulatory therapy in the pediatric population, and look forward to further study into the efficacy and broader application of this approach. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may be associated with dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome. This should be treated with dietary and possibly with pharmacologic interventions. Drug interactions need to be considered when instituting pharmacologic therapies. Pericardial effusions are often seen in patients with advanced HIV infection. Asymptomatic effusions are most often nonspecific in nature, related to the proinflammatory milieu found in advanced AIDS. Nonspecific effusions are a marker of advanced disease and do not require exhaustive etiologic evaluation. In contrast, large or symptomatic effusions are often associated with infection or malignancy, and warrant thorough investigation and etiology-specific treatment.
 ...
PMID:Myocardial and Pericardial Disease in HIV. 1240 91

Similar to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of humans, the natural history of HIV-2 infection in baboons (Papio cynocephalus) is a slow and chronic disease that generally takes several years before an AIDS-like condition develops. To shorten the amount of time to the development of disease, we performed five serial passages of HIV-2(UC2) in baboons by using blood and bone marrow samples during the acute phase of infection when viral loads were at high levels. After these serial passages, virus levels in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and lymphatic tissues in the acutely infected baboons were increased. Within 1 year of the HIV-2 infection, all of the inoculated baboons showed specific signs of AIDS-related disease progression within the lymphatic tissues, such as vascular proliferation and lymphoid depletion. The HIV-2(UC2) recovered after four serial passages showed increased kinetics of viral replication in baboon PBMC and cytopathicity. This study suggests that the HIV-2 isolate recovered after several serial passages in baboons will be useful in future studies of AIDS pathogenesis and vaccine development by using this animal model.
 ...
PMID:Increased virus replication and virulence after serial passage of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in baboons. 1247 12

HIV/AIDS has become a chronic disease thanks to the availability of antiretroviral drugs. Many of these antiretroviral drugs are available in India. Many more will soon become available. The cost of these drugs is being reduced gradually and their use is increasing. However, there are both short term and long term side effects. This review focuses on the common potential toxicities of antiretroviral drugs and their management. The potential toxicities include gastrointestinal effects, hepatitis, hypersensitivity reactions, cytochrome P450 interactions, mitochondrial toxicity and lipodystrophy syndrome as well as more drug-specific adverse effects.
 ...
PMID:Antiretroviral therapy: are we aware of adverse effects? 1251 2


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>