Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thanks to a worldwide collaborative effort among health care providers, academia, governments, and industry, our knowledge base about infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has expanded exponentially. During the past 2 decades, we have learned about its pathogenesis, virology, immunology, epidemiology and treatment. In the developed world, the approach to persons with HIV disease has evolved from palliative disease care to use of a chronic disease model, where survival is measured by decades, not months or years. More and more, clinical decision-making for HIV-infected patients is driven by comorbidities, including cardiothoracic disease. Thus, our clinically stable HIV population is increasingly accessing those health care services required by any maturing population, including the usual services of cardiothoracic surgeons. In this article, we review the basic facts of HIV disease, with an emphasis on occupational risks and infection control procedures.
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PMID:An overview of HIV infection and AIDS: etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology, and occupational exposure. 1080 35

Substantial losses of total body protein (TBP) can occur in chronic diseases and in aging. Such losses impact negatively on immunity and quality of life, and on growth rates in children. Direct measurements of total body nitrogen (TBN) monitor the integrated changes in TBP over time and allow comparison with normal subjects. TBN assessment via neutron capture analysis is therefore the gold-standard method of TBP estimation, so that risk factors for protein deficit can be identified and patient management optimized. The nitrogen index (NI) can be used to predict prognostic outcome: an NI < 0.9 is associated with substantial wasting in HIV disease, an NI < 0.8 predicts significant pathophysiology in chronic renal failure, and a low NI is predictive of neutropenia in breast-cancer patients. These findings emphasize the central importance of adequate protein stores in recovery from disease or in maintaining quality of life. Aging appears to involve a gradual loss of TBP throughout adulthood. Cross-sectional data suggest that TBP declines curvilinearly with age, such that there is an accelerated decline after 65 years of age. However, longitudinal data are scarce, and little is known about the relative loss of visceral protein, as opposed to skeletal muscle protein. More clearly-defined data are essential if the effects of aging per se are to be separated from the effects of chronic disease. A further complication is the knowledge that physical activity also declines with age. Thus sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal muscle mass, could primarily result from disuse rather than aging. The economic impact of unsuccessful aging places a pressing need for multicompartment data in longitudinal study designs.
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PMID:Total body protein in chronic diseases and in aging. 1086 69

Hepatitis C is a chronic disease with lethal complications and recent treatments have a strong efficacy. Ribavirin and alpha interferon combination allows obtaining a sustained viral response in 40% of patients who are theoretically protected against the progression to cirrhosis and its complications. In non responders prospective trials are in progress assessing the efficacy of stronger regimen or using sustain-release interferons. It is also possible that in non responders interferon reduces the progression of liver fibrosis permitting to reduce cirrhosis incidence and to wait for new drugs. Patients who need definitively a treatment are patients with fibrosis progression, patients with extrahepatic manifestations and those who can transmit the virus. Treatment of HCV should be systematically discussed in patients coinfected with HIV and HCV.
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PMID:[Treatment and prevention of hepatitis C]. 1090 96

Treatments for persons who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or who have developed AIDS have advanced to the point where death is no longer the inevitable outcome of diagnosis. Combination antiretroviral therapy has made HIV infection less of a terminal condition and more of a medically manageable chronic disease. Thus, efforts to improve the health status and quality of life of HIV-infected persons have become one of the highest treatment priorities for the next decade. Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among HIV-infected persons, and quitting smoking would greatly improve the health status of these individuals. However, to date, no studies have evaluated the efficacy of a smoking-cessation intervention specifically tailored to this population. This article reviews the evidence and rationale for advancing smoking-cessation treatments specifically tailored to the needs of HIV-infected persons and provides recommendations for future treatment studies.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection, AIDS, and smoking cessation: the time is now. 1101 36

Antiretroviral toxicity is an increasingly important issue in the management of HIV-infected patients. With the sustained major declines in opportunistic complications, HIV infection is a more chronic disease, and so more drugs are being used in more patients for longer periods. This review focuses on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of the principal toxicities of the 15 licensed antiretroviral drugs, including mitochondrial toxicity, hypersensitivity, and lipodystrophy, as well as more drug-specific adverse effects and special clinical settings.
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PMID:Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. 1121 Oct 24

In humans the HIV infection results in a chronic disease with a permanent fight between factors controlling HIV and the escape of the virus. Fromthese control mechanisms the present review summarizes the role betwen complement and autoantibodies; the competition of complement and anti-HIV antibodies for binding sites, the role of mannan-binding lectin in the susceptibility to and in the survival after HIV infection, the contribution of complement-dependent enhancing type antibodies to the clinical progression of HIV disease as well as the changing pattern of some autoantibodies (mimicking MHC class II molecules, anti-heat shock protein 60 antibodies and anti-C1q antibodies) which were found to correlate to immunological and clinical parameters.
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PMID:Role of Complement and Antibodies in the Control and Facilitation of HIV Disease. 1117 51

Despite dramatic declines in HIV-associated morbidity and mortality as a result of highly active antiretroviral combination therapies (HAART), several issues regarding the management of patients with HIV-infection remain problematic. This article aims at describing the strategic thoughts in a very dynamic field with rapid development of pathophysiological as well as clinical and drug-related knowledge. In particular, the optimal use of antiretroviral medication remains an issue of intense research debate and numerous aspects must be highlighted, such as the best time to start, the occurrence and management of adverse events, problems with resistant virus, salvage therapy and individualisation of therapy with inherent problems in conducting large randomised trials. Eradicating HIV seems to be out of our perspective and this implies that we have to adapt our management to the one of a chronic disease.
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PMID:Critical issues of HIV treatment in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. 1117 35

1. The human immunodeficiency virus invades the central nervous system early after infection where it later gives rise to cognitive, motor, and behavioral manifestations in children and adults. 2. Ranging from mild impairments to frank dementia, CNS manifestations can be diagnosed and measured with standard neuropsychological test batteries. 3. Great strides have been made with treatment: CNS manifestations are treatable, as are depression, psychosis, and delirium which sometimes accompany HIV disease at different stages. 4. With startling advances in antiretroviral therapy and lower mortality, patients face a constellation of new concerns stemming from HIV's transformation to a more chronic disease. 5. There are many compelling research directions ahead, including the psychosocial impact of living with HIV as a chronic disease, the development of medications expressly targeted to the CNS, and basic research on neuropathogenesis, including trafficking of virus into the CNS.
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PMID:Neuroscience research in AIDS. 1126 54

Tuberculosis (TB) was expected to be eradicated by the end of this century. However, an increasing incidence of tuberculosis in many parts of the world has led to renewed interest in the disease. The pandemic of HIV infection has changed TB, an endemic disease, to an epidemic worldwide. In Thailand, tuberculosis cases and deaths reduced year after year, until 1992 when the cases began to increase as a result of HIV infection. The annual risk of infection in 1997 was estimated at 1.4%, with approximately 100 000 new TB cases developing each year. Fifteen per cent of tuberculosis patients are seropositive for HIV infection. Increasing antituberculosis drug resistance has been correlated with the high prevalence of HIV infection in some parts of the country. In 1995, cure rate of this disease was approximately 50% and, since 1996, in order to cope with the worsening situation, the National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) has adopted Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS). Despite the current economic turmoil of the country, the programme has now been expanded to cover over 400 of the 810 districts of Thailand. Also, the economic effects of tuberculosis at the household level in Thailand were recently studied. Tuberculosis is a chronic disease that commonly affects the lower socioeconomic classes. Some patients were unable to follow the treatment regimens because of the financial burden. The low case detection and treatment completion rates are, in part, due to the inability of poor patients to cope with the expenditure.
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PMID:Tuberculosis in Thailand. 1126 66

Diet and nutrition are directly involved in patient care protocols that reflect a shift in the treatment of HIV/AIDS as a chronic disease, with an emphasis on quality of life and expanded life trajectory. Research concerning HIV/AIDS and nutrition is multidisciplinary, yielding study results that appear in a wide variety of scholarly journals. The purpose of this research was to employ bibliometric techniques to evaluate the body of literature specific to HIV/AIDS and nutrition as well as to determine content overlap among major bibliographic citation databases.
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PMID:HIV/AIDS and nutrition: a bibliometric analysis. 1129 75


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