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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is much more frequent in patients acquiring HIV infection via the sexual route. Epidemiological studies have confirmed the likely involvement of a sexually acquired cofactor in the pathogenesis of this form of KS. We have formulated a set of postulates, epidemiological and experimental, to fit a single unifying hypothetical agent. Chlamydia trachomatis is one of 3 agents to fit the epidemiological criteria. Our data suggest a possible association between increased IgG serum antibody to C. trachomatis and the occurrence of KS. Conversely, higher titres of IgG serum antibody to C. pneumoniae were associated with the absence of KS. We feel that it is important to study further the relationship between C. trachomatis and KS.
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PMID:Chlamydia trachomatis as a possible cofactor for Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS. 884

As part of the Singapore Ministry of Health's Medical Surveillance Scheme, which requires commercial sex workers (CSWs) to undergo regular screening for sexually transmitted diseases (STD), the National Skin Centre clinic conducted STD screening among CSWs. STD data on CSWs attending the clinic during 1977-1993 were analyzed to examine the changes in STD prevalence among sex workers and the impact of the Medical Scheme on the STD infection rate. The STD infection rates of CSWs who were not in the Medical Scheme (new CSWs and freelance CSWs arrested for illicit prostitution) were compared with those in the Scheme. The STD screening program also provided CSWs access to STD/HIV educational and preventive programs. The gonorrhea infection rate decreased from 9% to 1.7%. The gonorrhea infection rate was lowest in CSWs who were part of the Medical Surveillance Scheme (1992, 2.6% vs. 4.9% for new CSWs and 6.1% for freelance CSWs; 1993, 1.7% vs. 4.3% and 5.8%, respectively). Chlamydia screening was not introduced until 1992. The chlamydia infection rated decreased from 7.4% in July 1992 to 4.2% in December 1993. The 1992-1993 chlamydia infection rate was lowest in CSWs who were part of the Medical Scheme (4.5% vs. 10.2% for new CSWs and 9.6% for freelance CSWs). Similarly, CSWs who were part of the Scheme had the lowest HIV infection rate (1992, 0.04% vs. 0.23% for new CSWs and 2.8% for freelance CSWs; 1993, 0.07% vs. 1.7% and 3.9%, respectively). HIV infection data were first put in to computers in 1992. These findings show that regular STD screening for sex workers effectively control STDs among sex workers.
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PMID:Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among commercial sex workers in Singapore from 1977 to 1993: the effects of screening measures. 884 76

Azithromycin is an azalide antibiotic with important properties which allow it to be used as a single-dose treatment for genital Chlamydia trachomatic infections. A single 1 g dose is as effective as a standard seven-day course of doxycycline. Ofloxacin 400 mg bid for seven days is also effective against Chlamydia trachomatis. Both azithromycin 2 g and ofloxacin are also effective against uncomplicated gonorrhoea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae continues to be sensitive to third generation cephalosporins, e.g. ceftriaxone 125 mg. Oral single dose cephalosporins offer ease of administration and safety, e.g. cefixime (400 mg), cefuroxime axetil (1 g) and cefpodoxime proxetil (200 mg). The fluoroquinolones, e.g. ciprofloxacin (500 mg) and ofloxacin (400 mg), are being increasingly used as first-line medications, however, caution is recommended as the development of resistance is anticipated and already being detected in many areas. Syphilis continues to be sensitive to penicillin. This should be administered parenterally. Coexistent human immunodeficiency virus infection may make standard therapy inadequate, and closer follow-up is recommended. Therapy with non-penicillin antibiotics is still inadequately studied. Chancroid is treated with ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, or erythromycin. In some areas, resistance to tetracyclines and TMP-SMX has made these drugs ineffective as first-line treatments. Bacterial vaginosis is effectively treated with a single dose of metronidazole 1 g or 500 mg bid over seven days. Similar regimens are also effective against trichomoniasis. Vulvovaginal candidiasis can be treated with topical imidazole preparations or oral antifungal medications.
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PMID:Antimicrobial therapy of non-viral sexually transmitted diseases--an update. 884 92

In an ongoing study we evaluated 71 males and 32 females attending our sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic. Intraurethral or endocervical swab specimens were cultured for Neisseria gonorrhea (NG), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Mycoplasma homines (MH), Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), using an ELISA technique and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HIV antigen, hepatitis B (HBV) and Treponema pallidum (TP) seropositivity were tested by ELISA. Mean age was 33.4 and range 15-72 years. 83 patients (81%) used condoms only rarely, 35 (35%) had multiple sexual partners and 83 (81%) were treated empirically prior to evaluation. Dysuria and urethral discharge were found in 47 (45.6%), of whom 34 (33%) were males; the majority of females were asymptomatic. A specific etiology for STD was found in 53 patients (51.4%) and 1/3 had more than 1 pathogen. CT, UU, MH, HSV, NG and TV were found in 27, 24, 5, 3, 2 and 1, respectively. 8 patients were seropositive for HBV and 1 for TP; all were seronegative for HIV. CT was the most prevalent pathogen found. All patients with STD symptoms should be screened for all sexually transmitted pathogens, since many of them have more than 1 pathogen. STD clinics in Israel should be developed in conjunction with microbiology laboratories for better management of STD in the community.
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PMID:[Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to sexually transmitted diseases]. 888 2

Mycoplasmas are tiny polymorphic prokaryotic organisms (0.2-0.3 microm) that lack a cell wall and reside ubiquitously at the cell membrane or internalized into the cell. The organisms have been implicated in many diseases including functioning as cofactors catalyzing the HIV disease state. The oncogenic potential of mycoplasmas was only recently realized when they were shown to cause chromosomal changes and in vitro cell transformations through gradual progressive chromosomal loss and translocations. While a recent study linked mycoplasmas with gastric cancer, the association between mycoplasmas and ovarian cancer has not been established. Recently, a commercial assay which combined polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods was developed for the detection of mycoplasmas. The present objective was to determine the prevalence of mycoplasmas in archived paraffin-embedded malignant ovarian cancer tissue. The combined PCR-ELISA procedure was used with consensus primers targeting for 15 species of mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas. Archived human malignant ovarian cancer tissues (N = 27 cases) embedded in paraffin blocks were processed, and DNA was extracted and the presence of DNA verified. The extracted DNA specimens were randomly divided into three groups for analyses. PCR-ELISA assays were performed on extracted DNA together with appropriate negative and positive controls. The results showed mycoplasmas were present in 59.3% of the malignant ovarian cancer specimens. PCR-ELISA analysis of Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis controls did not produce cross-reacting false-positive results. The results suggest an association between mycoplasmas and malignant ovarian cancer. A 59.3% prevalence rate was demonstrated for mycoplasmas in paraffin-embedded ovarian cancer tissues. The mechanism involved in oncogenesis by mycoplasmas remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Prevalence of mycoplasma conserved DNA in malignant ovarian cancer detected using sensitive PCR-ELISA. 891 Jun 37

Genitourinary infections have a major impact upon public health, especially in Africa. This paper describes findings from a study conducted to describe the etiology of such infections in Bobo-Dioulasso, to establish the sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics, and to provide epidemiologic and biologic evidence to optimize the treatment of genitourinary infections. The findings are based upon clinical and biologic diagnoses among 223 women with genitourinary infections. Study found the following etiologies: trichomoniasis in 27.8%, chlamydia in 26.9%, bacterial vaginosis in 19.7%, candidiasis in 16.6%, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in 10.9%. HIV antibodies were present in 42% of patients. The authors recommend spectinomycin or ceftriaxone for the treatment of gonorrhea in Bobo-Dioulasso. Moreover, that the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis is higher than that of Neisseria gonorrhoeae should be taken into account when managing STDs in this setting.
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PMID:Etiologic study of genitourinary infections in women of childbearing age in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, 1992. 891 43

An anonymous unlinked HIV antibody test was conducted on 1632 Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) antibody positive women from 10 institutes of 7 prefectures in Japan. All the sera were negative for both HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. The result may support the suggestion that HIV prevalence is low among general population in Japan. Such a test as this study will be useful not only for developing a reliable HIV surveillance system but also for the study of sexual behavior of general population, since C. trachomatis infection is sensitive to reflect sexual contact.
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PMID:Detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies among Chlamydia trachomatis infected pregnant women in Japan. 896 22

Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are probably the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. Commonly unrecognized and often inadequately treated, chlamydial infections can ascend the reproductive tract and cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which often results in the devastating consequences of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. C. trachomatis infections are also known to increase the risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. The obligate intracellular life cycle of C. trachomatis has traditionally required laboratory diagnostic tests that are technically demanding, labor-intensive, expensive, and difficult to access. In spite of these historical challenges, however, laboratory diagnosis of C. trachomatis has been a rapidly advancing area in which there is presently a wide array of commercial diagnostic technologies, costs, manufacturers. This review describes and compares the diagnostic methods for C. trachomatis infection that are currently approved for use in the United States, including the newest DNA amplification technologies which are yet to be licensed for commercial use. Issues to consider in selecting a test for purposes of screening versus diagnosis based on prevalence, performance, legal, social, and cost issues are also discussed.
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PMID:Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. 945 34

Provision of sexually transmitted disease (STD) care for sexually active adolescents has been neglected in developing countries, although this is changing. Available evidence indicates that STDs are a serious problem among adolescents (10-19 years), especially in rural areas where services are limited for any age group. Curative care is hampered by the inadequacy of the syndromic approach for identifying adolescents with asymptomatic infections, especially Chlamydia trachomatis. There is an urgent need to asses STD interventions for adolescents in controlled studies, with numbers and follow-up sufficient to monitor changes in STD markers. Many programmes report increased uptake of condoms by youth but have been unable to demonstrate its effect on STD/HIV rates. It is unlikely that any one approach to adolescent STD services will be feasible and hence the importance of understanding the benefits and limitations of each approach.
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PMID:Providing accessible health care for adolescents with sexually transmitted disease. 902 6

During July 1991 to January 1992, in northern Tanzania, health workers conducted a physical examination of, interviewed, and screened 865 villagers aged 15-44 years for HIV-1 infection, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and other reproductive tract infections (RTIs) from Oria village at the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro to determine the spectrum and prevalence rates of STDs, other RTIs, and HIV as well as possible biological risk factors associated with HIV infection. Females were more likely to be HIV-infected than males (1.9% vs. 0.7%; odds ratio [OR] = 2.5). Women aged 25-29 years had the highest HIV infection rate (8.7%). Women were much more likely to have an STD (including HIV or other RTIs) than men (46.9% vs. 14.6%; OR = 5). Yet women were less likely than men to be ever treated for genital discharge (OR = 12.6). A history of syphilis, chlamydial infection, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were more common in HIV-infected than HIV-negative women (ORs = 2.1, 2.4, and 1.9, respectively). Chlamydial infection and/or serological signs of past or current syphilis significantly increased the risk for HIV infection in females (OR = 2.7). Among men, risk factors for HIV infection included genital discharge and genital ulcer disease (ORs = 5.1 and 7.1, respectively). Among males, but not females, a medical history of previous treatment for genital discharge or for genital ulcer disease was a predictor of a current RTI (OR = 2 and 3.6, respectively). Among women, there was an association between syphilis and genital ulcer disease (OR = 4.5) and between PID and secondary fertility (OR = 2.1). 9.6% of men and 6.9% of women had chlamydial infection. 7.2% of women suffered from secondary infertility; 3.1% from primary infertility. These findings indicate a need for a more gender-specific approach to HIV and STD prevention, since women had a heavy burden of untreated RTIs.
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PMID:HIV and reproductive tract infections in a total village population in rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: women at increased risk. 905 26


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