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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) appears to occur readily all over the world. Recent reports have suggested an association between HIV and sexually transmitted disease (STD). We conducted a case study among foreign female prostitutes who were seropositive to HIV to determine the prevalence of STD. In this study, we checked the prevalence of STD infection in 19 HIV seropositive female prostitutes. Overall, 84 percent were seropositive for Chlamydia trachomatis, 37% for HBs, 32% for Treponema pallidum (Tp) and 6% for hepatitis C virus (HCV). The high frequency of a history of STD may be associated with an increased risk of HIV infection acquired through heterosexual contact. Prevention of heterosexually transmitted HIV infection will require an extensive educational program aimed specifically at the risk associated with the number and selection of sexual partners and at promoting safer sexual practices.
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PMID:[Sexually transmitted disease infection in HIV carriers]. 802 94

Even though the population of developing countries is heterogeneous, it is young, and the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are likely to increase among persons aged 20-40. STD epidemiologic data tend to be unreliable in most developing countries. Zimbabwe, a country with a good information system, has about 1 million reported STD cases each year (40% urethritis, about 25% genital ulcers, and 20% vaginal discharge and/or pelvic inflammatory disease). Gonococcal infections among pregnant women vary from 2% to 20% in Africa and are 10-20 times higher here than in comparable populations in the West. Chlamydial infection rates in developing countries tend to be similar to and lower than rates in the West. Syphilis prevalence rates range from 1% to 20% in some developing countries. STD complications and their sequelae pose an important public health problem for developing countries. They mostly affect women and newborns. STD complications and their sequelae include spontaneous abortion, fetal death, low birth weight, congenital syphilis, blindness, infertility, and social and personal damage. It appears that STDs facilitate HIV transmission. HIV-related immune deficiency increases one's susceptibility to genital ulcers. Increasing resistance to antibiotics complicates treatment of gonorrhea and chancroid. HIV infected persons respond poorly to classic treatment of chancroid. Two major STD interventions are prevention through behavior modification and promotion of barriers and limiting the duration of infection through optimal case management and case finding activities. The emergence of HIV has placed primary prevention as an absolute priority. Social marketing of condoms has been successful in several developing countries. Provision of accessible and affordable care can change health seeking behavior of persons with STDs such that they seek care from medical services. The primary health care systems of several developing countries use simple diagnostic algorithms to identify STD cases.
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PMID:Epidemiology and control of sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries. 804 15

Over a four-month study period, 87 patients requesting termination of pregnancy at a gynaecology clinic were offered screening for sexually transmitted diseases, of whom 63 accepted. A total of 41 infections were found in 34 women, the commonest being vaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Chlamydia was found in six patients. Although HIV antibody testing was offered to every patient, all declined this test.
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PMID:Screening for lower genital tract infections in women presenting for termination of pregnancy. 806 Oct 94

Chlamydia trachomatis infection is a common sexually transmitted disease in Sweden, where counselling and partner notification are tools for prevention. Fifty infected patients (27 women, 23 men) were interviewed at an outpatient department. A majority of the patients felt that they were to blame for getting the disease and had the responsibility to inform partners. Women reacted more strongly against the disease and felt more negatively treated by the health care personnel. Chlamydia was considered a serious disease and 40% expressed fear for HIV/AIDS. Only eight per cent used condoms regularly. The concept 'causal contact' was very differently defined by the patients. Health personnel has to be more aware of the difficulties with ambiguous concepts and information need to be improved. More attention should be paid to women and their reactions.
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PMID:Experiences of disease and treatment among Chlamydia patients. 810 19

In a retrospective analysis of lower respiratory tract infections in an ex-injection-drug users community, we found an outbreak (April to July 1991) of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. The epidemic occurred in a group of 26 community members (23 men and 3 women, mean age, 28.9--3 years) living and working together, who underwent acute and convalescent serologic tests for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, Coxiella burnetii, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. All subjects were submitted to chest radiograph, while sputum and blood cultures were performed in symptomatic patients. Antibodies to C pneumoniae were determined by a microimmunofluorescence test. Among all subjects studied (13 HIV-1 positive and 13 HIV-1 negative), 11 (8 HIV-positive and 3 HIV-negative) developed pneumonia, 2 (1 HIV-positive and 1 HIV-negative) developed pharyngitis, and 2 (1 HIV- positive and 1 HIV-negative) developed flu-like syndromes sustained by C pneumoniae; in 4 subjects (2 HIV-positive and 2 HIV-negative) suffering from flu-like syndrome, no causal agents were found. Seven subjects (one HIV-positive and six HIV- negative) remained asymptomatic without any evidence of infection. The prevalence of antibodies to C pneumoniae in HIV-1-positive subjects observed in a sample of community members was significantly higher than in HIV-1-negative subjects. C pneumoniae seems to be involved in respiratory tract infections in HIV-1-infected subjects. Our data suggest that C pneumoniae should be included in the diagnostic approach of respiratory infections in HIV-infected subjects.
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PMID:Outbreak of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in former injection-drug users. 813 45

Clinical specimens containing a suspected pathogen often have too little of the pathogen's DNA to be detected directly. It is generally necessary to first amplify the DNA and then to detect the amplification products. An amplification technique called the ligase chain reaction (LCR) is described, which in conjunction with an automated, nonradioactive readout format allows less than 10 molecules of target DNA to be detected. A prototype HIV assay and two prototype Chlamydia assays have sensitivities and specificities equivalent to PCR.
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PMID:The ligase chain reaction in DNA-based diagnosis. 816 97

Among patients attending an inner-city colposcopy clinic, the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis was 22/375 (5.0%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 3/375 (0.8%), and seropositivity for syphilis, 10/375 (2.7%). In addition, 13/261 (5.0%) of asymptomatic women agreeing to voluntary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) antibody screening were HIV-1 seropositive. Our data support incorporating screening for and education on sexually transmitted diseases and HIV into the work of our colposcopy clinic.
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PMID:Screening for human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted diseases in an inner-city colposcopy clinic. 823 80

Chlamydia trachomatis is currently the major sexually transmitted disease (STD) in Sweden. In the early 1980s 20% of young clinic attenders were infected. Treatment policies, including partner tracing, instituted in 1988 reduced the prevalence to less than 5%. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) has also declined with the decrease of gonorrhea and chlamydia. The improvements can be associated with policy: the introduction of compulsory sex education at school in 1956 and the establishment of youth clinics in the 1970s with contraceptive counselling, screening, and treatment for STDs. a 1992 study of more than 9000 sexually active Swedish teenagers revealed that 99% considered the condom the most effective means against STDs, and 84% recognized chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, and genital warts as STDs. 75% of the subjects had engaged in coitus at first intercourse and 82% at the most recent encounter. 17% had had an STD, and 9% had been or had made somebody pregnant, mostly ending in abortion. In 1975, when the new abortion law was adopted, the teenage abortion rate was high at 30/1000 teenagers aged 15-19. Counseling and free contraceptives reduced the rate by 30% in the next 10 years. However, news about the possible risks of oral contraceptives in the 1980s again boosted the rate from 18 to 25/1000. Recent concerted efforts cut the rate anew. Preventive policies need to convey a positive attitude about sexuality and deal with the basic teenage problems of multiple partners and stress the importance of condom use. Condoms are effective only in stable relationships, and those with less education or those unemployed take more risks, using condoms and contraceptives less frequently. Girls from emotionally poor environments often engage in sex for emotional satisfaction. Openness and further knowledge is needed to ensure the safe sexual behavior of young people.
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PMID:The sexual behaviour of young people. 829 38

The management of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has reached a new level in the era of antibiotic resistance and human immunodeficiency virus infection. To date, no single antimicrobial is capable of eradicating the commonly encountered STD pathogens including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Treponema pallidum. Among the marketed fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and enoxacin all provide excellent in vitro activity (MIC90 < 0.06 micrograms/ml) and excellent in vivo efficacy against N. gonorrhoeae, including multiply resistant isolates (penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae and chromosomally mediated resistant N. gonorrhoeae). Ofloxacin is the only fluoroquinolone approved by the Food and Drug Administration for chlamydial infection. All of the quinolones lack reliable in vitro activity against Ureaplasma urealyticum, a cause of nongonococcal urethritis. Although limited data suggest the usefulness of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease, these drugs cannot currently be recommended for single-agent therapy. Haemophilus ducreyi infections, however, can be managed effectively with the fluoroquinolones. Although their role continues to evolve, this class of drugs cannot be used equally to treat all STDs, and notably, no quinolone to date inhibits T. pallidum.
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PMID:The role of fluoroquinolones in sexually transmitted diseases. 832 33

Additional information has become available since the US Centers for Disease Control's summary of 1988 on the effectiveness of consistent and proper condom use in preventing the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The Food and Drug Administration has also approved a polyurethane "female condom" in the interim. This report updates laboratory and epidemiologic information regarding the effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV infection and other STDs and the role of spermicides used together with condoms. It is clear that condom use reduces the risk for gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus infection, genital ulcers, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Intact latex condoms also provide a continuous mechanical barrier to HIV, HSV, hepatitis B virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhea. Three prospective studies in developed countries found that condoms are unlikely to break or slip during proper use; reported breakage rates were 2% or less for vaginal or anal intercourse. Lab studies further indicate that the female condom is an effective mechanical barrier to viruses, including HIV; no clinical studies, however, have been completed to determine the level of protection actually conferred in vivo against HIV infection and other STDs. An estimated 12-month contraceptive failure rate of 11% was found among 86 women who used the device consistently and correctly over a six-month period. Lab studies further indicate that nonoxynol-9, a nonionic surfactant used as a spermicide, inactivates HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens. Although cohort studies have found the vaginal use of nonoxynol-9 by women without condom use to reduce the degree of infection with gonorrhea and chlamydia, no reports as yet indicate that nonoxynol-9 used alone without condoms can effectively prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. Instead, a randomized controlled trial among prostitutes in Kenya found no protection against HIV infection with use of a vaginal sponge containing a high dose of nonoxynol-9. No studies have shown that nonoxynol-9 used with a condom increases the protection provided by condom use alone against HIV infection.
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PMID:Update: barrier protection against HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. 833 89


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