Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We searched in 100 healthy pregnant women by isolation, the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Herpes simplex, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis. Blood was also taken for examination of specific antibodies to these microorganisms. We studied only for antibodies titled Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Treponema pallidum and Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Condyloma acuminatum by cervical cytology. In 85 adolescents we found 5 (6%) patients with C. trachomatis, four of these patients had another microorganism added, one with N. gonorrhoeae, M. hominis and U. Urealyticum, one with U. urealyticum and the last two with M. hominis and U. urealyticum, In relation to Mycoplasmas 69 (81%) out of 85 had Mycoplasmas, 4 (5%) had M. hominis, 46 (54%) U. urealyticum and 19 (22%) patients had both. The seropositivity to CMV was 96.25%. We didn't find any other microorganism. We concluded that the rate of STD in chilean pregnant adolescent women is high, especially with no traditional bacteria.
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PMID:[Diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases in Chilean pregnant adolescents]. 249 Jan 69

Observations are reported on 7 sexually transmitted diseases in a heterosexual population of 105 promiscuous males in Djibouti, East Africa. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was cultured from urethral swabs from 34 subjects. Six isolates were beta lactamase positive (18%). High levels of resistance to antimicrobials were noted with penicillin, spectinomycin and cotrimoxazole, while tetracyclines and erythromycin were unvariably effective. Six patients had Chlamydia urethritis, one of whom had concomitant gonococcal urethritis. Half of the sera reacted positive for antibodies to Chlamydia. A total of 31 subjects had a positive treponemal FTA-Abs test; of these, only 14 had a reactive RPR test. Nineteen individuals were positive for HBsAg. One subject had a western blot confirmed HIV-1 infection, while none had antibodies to HIV-2 or HTLV-I.
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PMID:Observations on sexually transmitted diseases in promiscuous males in Djibouti. 251 74

We studied 388 homosexual or bisexual men from the Baltimore-Washington area to define the spectrum of enteric pathogen carriage in a population at high risk for "gay bowel syndrome" in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Seventy-seven patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 68 gay men with symptoms of acute diarrhea or proctitis, and 243 gay men without gastrointestinal symptoms and participating in a natural history study of human immunodeficiency virus infection were selected for study. Approximately 12% of the asymptomatic men harbored at least one enteric pathogen; the most frequently recovered were Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus, and Giardia lamblia. Men carrying a pathogen were more likely to be human immunodeficiency virus seropositive (48%) than men without a pathogen (25%) (p = 0.018), more likely to have fewer T helper cells (p = 0.015), and more likely to have a mucopurulent exudate (p = 0.014). We recovered an agent of enteric disease from 68% of gay men presenting with diarrhea or proctitis. Campylobacter species, herpes simplex virus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, G. lamblia, and Shigella species were identified most frequently. The most common pathogen associated with diarrhea in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was Cryptosporidium (16% of 49 cases). Other agents identified were Clostridium difficile, Vibrio parahemolyticus, Campylobacter species, G. lamblia, Isospora, and cytomegalovirus. Approximately half of the identifiable etiologic agents of diarrhea in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients were treatable with antibiotics, but these agents required special culture procedures for detection.
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PMID:Prevalence of enteric pathogens in homosexual men with and without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 283 Nov 7

We analyzed the association of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and syphilis, the two most common causes of genital ulceration in homosexual men, with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in 200 men enrolled between 1983 and 1986 into a study evaluating the microbial causes of acute proctitis. Infection with HIV was independently associated with a history of syphilis, serologic evidence of syphilis, a history of HSV infection, and antibody to HSV-2. Antibody to HIV was not associated with a history of other genital infections or with antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis or HSV-1. Similar associations were observed in 111 asymptomatic homosexuals seen for HIV screening. Men who presented with primary HSV proctitis had a lower prevalence of HIV antibody than those with preexisting HSV-2 antibody (44% vs 68%); this suggests that HSV-2 infection antedated HIV infection. These data suggest that genital ulcerative diseases are an important risk factor for the acquisition of HIV infection in homosexual men; measures directed at control of these diseases may reduce the transmission of HIV in this population.
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PMID:The association between genital ulcer disease and acquisition of HIV infection in homosexual men. 340

During May-October 1992 in the gynecology and obstetrics department at the National Central Hospital Souro Sanou in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, physicians conducted a physical examination of and took vaginal smears from 220 nonpregnant women of reproductive age who consented to take part in this study and who had clinical signs of a genital infection. The researchers wanted to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the factors associated with HIV infection. 77% had an STD. The most common STDs were Trichomonas vaginalis (28%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (27%). 42% were HIV positive. HIV-positive women were significantly more likely than HIV-negative women to be infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (30.4% vs. 24.2%; p = 0.03). Risk factors associated with HIV infection among women presenting with genital infections included young age (25.5 vs. 27.5 years; p = 0.03), low gravidity (2 vs. 2.7; p = 0.04), a higher sedimentation rate in the first hour (75.3 vs. 54; p 0.001), and a low hemoglobin level (11.7 vs. 12.2 g/dl; p = 0.01). These findings indicate that women with genital infections are a group at high risk of HIV and other STDs and a target population for preventive interventions. Physicians should focus on detection and treatment of STDs when they manage cases with genital infections, and they should give appropriate advice on the prevention of HIV to all women presenting with genital infections.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus infection among women with genital infections in Burkina Faso. 754 91

Surveillance systems have been developed in Victoria to determine trends in sexually transmissible diseases (STDs). Notifications to the Health Department (including laboratory notification since May 1990) have been supplemented by data about strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis processed by the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, enhanced laboratory surveillance of syphilis, and data on genital herpes and genital warts from the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre. During the period under review the incidence of gonorrhoea declined, rapidly at first, and then more slowly. For women, this trend has continued, while gonorrhoea acquired abroad by men has become relatively more important. Since 1988, gonorrhoea in homosexual men has increased, and rectal isolates have increased concurrently, raising concerns about HIV risk behaviour. Cases of syphilis are likely to be ascertained through STD, antenatal and refugee screening, rather than because of symptoms or contact tracing. Chlamydia is a the most common notifiable STD, despite underreporting and underdiagnosis. In 1991, 832 cases were notified, increasing to 1377 in 1992. In 1992, of the 73 cases (65 per cent of notifications) where the doctor identified a risk, 15 per cent was attributed to homosexual contact, and 27.4 per cent to heterosexual exposure. Limitations in the data include inadequate standard case definitions for many STDs, changes in the statutory requirement for notifications in 1990, underreporting, changes in diagnostic and screening patterns, and lack of detailed demographic data. Education of general practitioners is needed to improve diagnosis and notification of chlamydia.
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PMID:Surveillance for sexually transmissible diseases in Victoria, 1983 to 1992. 764 73

Although vaccines for the prevention of syphilis, gonorrhea, and infection with human papillomavirus, Chlamydia, herpes simplex virus, and HIV are progressing, medical caregivers cannot wait for these vaccines to become available to prevent HIV infection and classic sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Furthermore, it has been argued that a 90% effective HIV vaccine would not equal regular appropriate condom use in preventing the disease. Healthcare workers should include counseling on prevention of STDs and HIV infection in their routine practice. Sexual history can help to determine the degree of counseling needed. Algorithms to help identify patients at greatest risk for asymptomatic STDs (which will lead to screening) are in development. Counseling that focuses on abstinence and monogamy, recognition and eradication of classic STDs, and proper use of condoms can be expected to reduce the risk of HIV.
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PMID:HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. The physician's role in prevention. 767 45

Infection with a sexually transmitted disease (STD) increases the risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are recruited into the genital tract by STD pathogens, such as Chlamydia trachomatis. Semen of HIV-infected men contains HIV associated with mononuclear cells. This study investigated the interaction among PMNs from HIV-uninfected persons, C. trachomatis, and HIV-infected cells and examined the mechanisms for enhanced HIV replication. We demonstrated that PMNs from HIV-seronegative donors induced HIV replication in mononuclear cells from 17 HIV-infected patients in medium without exogenous IL-2. HIV in the cell-free supernatants from cocultures of PMNs and patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was replication competent, as indicated by their capacity to propagate HIV in a second round of culture using PBMCs from HIV-seronegative individuals and by the fact that proviral DNA was found in these cells. PMNs from HIV-seronegative donors increased HIV replication over 100-fold in chronically HIV-infected cell lines of the monocytic, T, and B cell lineages. Moreover, PMNs increased U1 cells' production of p24 antigen by as much as ninefold when compared with U1 cells cocultured with PBMCs. The addition of C. trachomatis to PMN and U1 coculture increased HIV replication by an additional ninefold at 24 h, whereas C. trachomatis alone had no effect on p24 antigen production by U1 cells. Thus, C. trachomatis serves not only to recruit PMNs, but also to interact with PMNs to increase HIV replication. HIV replication is triggered by contact of HIV-infected cells with PMNs, by the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), and by soluble factors such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. This is based on the findings that production of p24 antigen, IL-6, and TNF-alpha induced by PMNs is abrogated by disrupting or partitioning PMNs from HIV-infected cells; is inhibited by superoxide dismutase and catalase, enzymes that destroy ROIs; is enhanced by differentiated HL60 cells capable of producing ROIs; and is induced by PMNs tested negative for CMV. Furthermore, the production of ROIs is independent of HIV infection of mononuclear cells, since PMNs cocultured with HIV-uninfected parental monocytic and T cell lines generated ROIs. Therefore, the increased risk for acquiring HIV infection associated with chlamydia cervicitis may be related to the local recruitment of PMNs by C. trachomatis and the induction of infectious virus from mononuclear cells present in semen. These observations provide a rationale for strategies to reduce HIV transmission by control of STD.
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PMID:Neutrophils from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative donors induce HIV replication from HIV-infected patients' mononuclear cells and cell lines: an in vitro model of HIV transmission facilitated by Chlamydia trachomatis. 769 32

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are common, and result in immense social and economic costs. In some countries they have a major demographic impact. Because many STDs facilitate the transmission of HIV, the consequences of STDs are further increasing. At the same time, this association between STDs and HIV provides one of the ways in which drug therapy should be very cost effective. The perspective taken in this article is a societal one, and broader issues than those directly related to drug costs and benefits are discussed. However, it is the availability of drugs that has the potential to most quickly and most reliably make a major difference to overall health sector and societal costs as they relate to STDs. For those STDs for which curative therapy is available (particularly Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, and Trichomonas vaginalis) there have been large decreases in prevalence in many parts of the world. In contrast, those STDs for which curative therapy is not available (particularly HIV, genital herpes and genital human papillomavirus infection) have had stable or increasing prevalence. For these latter infections, each new case increases the overall prevalence. Numerous features of STDs make clinical and economic evaluation difficult. These include the sensitive nature of the topic, the changing epidemiology and drug susceptibility of individual STDs, the fact that a large proportion of those infected are asymptomatic, difficulties in making specific diagnoses, the fact that often consequences are recognised late, sexual re-exposure and reinfection, and inadequate data on which to do clinical and economic evaluations. Furthermore, risk of acquiring an STD roughly correlates inversely with socioeconomic status, and countries or places with the highest rates of STDs may have the least ability to deal effectively with their diagnosis and management. Most of the direct and indirect costs are incurred by women, since they experience the vast majority of the complications of STDs. Many of these only become apparent years later, which makes it very hard to attribute costs and benefits to a specific episode of infection, and to its treatment. The late and indirect costs, plus the costs of prevention, are hard to quantify. That the major burden of STDs is in adolescents and young adults, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups and women has important implications, including for pharmacoeconomic studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Drug therapies for sexually transmitted diseases. Clinical and economic considerations. 778 85

We have prospectively determined the frequency of asymptomatic sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among patients seeking an HIV-test. In 246 patients, we observed 32 cases (13%) of asymptomatic STD, predominantly infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or human Papillomavirus. STD screening is of significance among patients seeking an HIV-test.
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PMID:[Asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections among HIV-tested persons]. 781 14


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