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In situ hybridisation (ISH) is based on the complementary pairing of labelled DNA or RNA probes with normal or abnormal nucleic acid sequences in intact chromosomes, cells or tissue sections. Compared with other molecular biology techniques applicable to anatomical pathology, ISH enjoys better rapport with histopathologists because of its similarity to immunohistochemistry. It has the unique advantage over other molecular biology techniques--largely based on probe hybridisation with nucleic acid extracted from homogenised tissue samples--of allowing localisation and visualisation of target nucleic acid sequences within morphologically identifiable cells or cellular structures. Probes for ISH may bear radioactive or non-radioactive labels. Isotopic probes (3H, 32P, 35S, 125I) are generally more sensitive than non-isotopic ones but are less stable, require longer processing times and stringent disposal methods. Numerous non-isotopic labels have been used; of these biotin and digoxigenin are the reporters of choice. Optimised non-isotopic systems of equivalent sensitivity to those which use radioactive-labelled probes have been described. In ISH, finding the optimal balance between good morphological preservation of cells and strong hybridisation signals is crucial. Tissue fixation and retention of cytoskeletal structures, unfortunately, impede diffusion of probes into tissues. ISH sensitivity is also influenced by inherent properties of the probe and hybridisation conditions. Although ISH is largely a research tool, it is already making strong inroads into diagnostic histopathology. It has been applied for the detection of various infective agents particularly CMV, HPV, HIV, JC virus, B19 parvovirus, HSV-1, EBV, HBV, hepatitis delta virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, salmonella and mycoplasma in tissue sections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:In situ hybridisation: principles and applications. 130 27

A monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and employed to detect p24 capsid antigen from human T-cell lymphotropic viruses type I and II (HTLV-I, HTLV-II), simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I)-infected cell lines, and from mononuclear cell cocultures of HTLV-infected humans and STLV-I infected monkeys. A monoclonal antibody specific for HTLV p24 and p53 capsid antigens was coated onto 96-well microtiter plates to capture HTLV/STLV antigen. Captured antigen was then detected by the addition of a polyclonal, biotinylated human anti-HTLV-I antibody, and color developed with tetramethyl benzidine/H2O2 substrate. As little as 15 pg/ml of HTLV-I p24 antigen could be detected in this assay. Culture supernatants from HTLV-I-infected cell lines (HUT-102, MT-2, C5/MJ, HTLV-II-infected cell lines (Mo-T, Mo-B, PanG 12.1, NRA) and STLV-I-infected cell lines (Matsu, NEPC M39) were all positive in the assay. In addition, p24 was detected from peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cocultures of 8 of 8 (100%) HTLV-I diseased patients, 14 of 20 (70%) HTLV-I and HTLV-II-infected, asymptomatic persons, and 8 of 8 (100%) STLV-I-infected, asymptomatic monkeys. Culture supernatants of cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV-1), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Chlamydia trachomatis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex I and II (HSV), feline leukemia virus (FELV), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) were all negative. Similarly, normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and uninfected, transformed human T cells, were also negative in the assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Development of a monoclonal antibody-based p24 capsid antigen detection assay for HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and STLV-I infection. 131 63

There are now a number of lines of evidence giving support for a causal role of high-risk oncogenic HPV types in cervical cancer. However, it is clear that only a minority of women with HPV 16 infection, for example, develop invasive cancer. Therefore examination of whether sexually transmitted agents other than HPV are interacting in the genesis of cervical neoplasia is necessary. Serological methods which accurately reflect past exposure to individual agents are ideal for epidemiological studies. Sensitive and specific assays that are available for HSV 1, HSV 2, Treponema pallidum, CMV, HIV and Chlamydia are reviewed. Some data suggest an interaction of herpesviruses with HPV in oncogenesis which future epidemiological studies should address. However, at present the evidence is inadequate to prove the involvement of sexually transmitted agents other than HPV in the etiology of cervical neoplasia.
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PMID:Assessment of exposure to sexually transmitted agents other than human papillomavirus. 133 Sep 21

To identify the importance of heterosexual activity as a possible route for the transmission of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a screening of antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) was performed in 200 sexually transmitted disease patients with different risks for incurring genital infections as well as in 100 registered prostitutes. Out of all 300 persons tested, 14 cases of HCV infection were detected. Anti-HCV was present in 3 of the prostitutes and in 11 of the STD patients. Evaluating known risk factors, such as intravenous drug use or blood transfusion, 6 out of the 11 STD patients and all of the prostitutes in whom anti-HCV was present were intravenous drug users and exhibited highly promiscuous behavior. Intravenous drug use was the probable means of acquisition in 9 of the 14 subjects in whom anti-HCV was present, and homosexual promiscuous behavior was assumed to be the means of acquisition in another 2 subjects. In heterosexual patients engaging in high-risk behavior (high number of sexual partners and genital infections), the exclusion of intravenous drug use decreased the prevalence of anti-HCV from 12.1% to 4.1%, demonstrating no significant increase from the prevalence among low-risk persons. Most of the patients were screened for STDs, such as syphilis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), trichomoniasis, and yeast infections. The highest rate of coinfection with anti-HCV was found in patients with serologic evidence of an HIV infection (50%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis C virus in sexually transmitted disease risk groups. 138 51

The origin of the word condom is the subject of some debate, but the use of a linen sheath as a preventive measure for venereal disease was noted in the writings of Fallopius in 1564. In recent years condom sales have increased, and in a sample of San Francisco male homosexuals consistent condom use was reported to have increased from 26% to 79% between 1984 and 1987. Condom sales in drugstores increased by over 20% from 1986 to 1987, with women being responsible for an estimated 40-50% of US purchases. Studies suggest a failure rate of 2-15/100 couples using condoms. Failure rates for 1st-year users average about 12%, but consistent and correct condom use theoretically results in approximately a 2% failure rate. Mean breakage rates ranging from 0% to 13% have been reported. Both epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated that latex condoms are effective mechanical barriers to important viral transmissions including HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV), as well as bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea. Condoms are safe to use, particularly in view of the fact that AIDS is now 1 of the 5 leading causes of death for women ages 15-44. An important contraindication, however, is the presence of latex allergy, potentially leading to contact urticaria or manifestations of anaphylaxis. The female condom shows promise for placing personal protection increasingly under the control of women. Condom promotion in the US with education at both public and individual levels could emulate developed and developing countries that have promoted condom use with marketing and mass-media techniques, as well conspicuous and aggressive distribution methods. Nursing is involved in program efforts aimed at enhancing condom use and nurses can be effective in encouraging clients to use condoms to protect themselves.
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PMID:Condoms as primary prevention in sexually active women. 140 10

Over a 12 month period, 32 teenage girls attended the sexually transmitted disease clinic in the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin for the first time, accounting for 17.8% of all first visits. Their mean age was 18.2 years (range 15-19 years). Twenty-four (75%) were from social class V. Five (15.6%) were abusing drugs. The mean age of first coitus was 16.1 years (range 13-19 years). The mean number of sexual partners was 1.8 (range 1-5). Four (12.5%) had been sexually abused in the past. Fourteen (43.8%) had never used contraception. Twenty-three (71.9%) were nulligravidae: 2 were diagnosed as being pregnant in the clinic. Twelve (37.5%) were unaware of cervical cytology screening. Of 29 having intercourse without condoms, none considered themselves to be at risk of contracting HIV from their present partner. A total of 26 diagnoses were made in 23 patients (71.9%). The most common diagnosis was ano-genital condylomata acuminata (6, 18.8%); Chlamydia trachomatis was located in 2 patients and Neisseria gonorrhoea in one. Mild to moderate dyskaryosis was reported in 4 cervical smears (12.5%). This data highlights the need for priority targeting of this high risk group.
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PMID:Teenage girls attending a Dublin sexually transmitted disease clinic: a socio-sexual and diagnostic profile. 142 69

Chancroid is a mucocutaneous infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi that produces ulcerative lesions and enhances the efficiency of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Confirmation of infection by culture of H. ducreyi is essential in therapeutic trials. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics for the isolate should be determined by agar dilution. Patients should be evaluated by appropriate laboratory tests for syphilis, infection with herpes simplex virus, gonorrhea, and (in North America) infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. The clinical history of the disease should be recorded and ulcers, buboes, and lymphadenitis mass described. Whenever possible, study participants also should be tested for HIV infection. Randomized, prospective, double-blind, active-control comparative clinical trials are preferred for evaluation of the safety and efficacy of new anti-infective drugs. Otherwise-healthy men and women should be enrolled in these studies. Patients with active syphilis or genital herpes should be excluded. Microbiological and clinical outcomes are paramount.
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PMID:Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of chancroid. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. 147 17

In 1989 and 1990, newly-acquired sexually transmitted bacterial disease was found in 41 HIV-antibody-positive men seen at a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Copenhagen. In 38 homo/bisexual men, the new STD was transmitted from a male contact in 36 cases and from a female contact in two cases. In three male intravenous drug users, the new STD was transmitted from a female contact. In two men, the HIV-infection was first diagnosed together with the new STD, the other men had been aware of their HIV-infection for a mean period of 38 months. Gonococcal infections were diagnosed in 33 men, Chlamydial infections in ten men and syphilis in three men. Anorectal gonococcal infections were found in 13 men, corresponding to 43% and 30% of the total number of anorectal gonococcal infections in 1989 and 1990 respectively. The data presented might indicate a relapse to unsafe sexual practices among homosexual men in Copenhagen. This could influence the HIV prevalence as at least 12% of the contacts were known to be HIV-antibody-negative.
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PMID:[Sexually transmitted infections in HIV-positive persons]. 153 89

This study examines the knowledge and experience of sexuality, contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among sexually active adolescents in Sweden. 74 youth clinics from all over Sweden served as the setting for these youth clinic visitors as they were questioned over a 2-month period. 17 multiple choice and 9 open questions were distributed and a total of 9277 youth answered the questionnaire. Their mean age was 17.5 years and 93% were females. Knowledge of STDs and STD protection were widespread and good. Chlamydia and HIV were recognized as STDs by 90% and 87% respectively. More than 99% knew about the condom as a means for STD protection. Knowledge about contraceptive methods for pregnancy protection was also high. 93% of those investigated had had coitus, 9% had experienced pregnancies, and 17% STDs. The mean number of lifetime sexual partners was 3.2. In spite of good knowledge on preventive measures among Swedish youth clinic visitors, their sexual behavior carries risks for future health. Further interventions are necessary to minimize these risks.
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PMID:Sexual behaviour among youth clinic visitors in Sweden: knowledge and experiences in an HIV perspective. 154 8

In September 1991, the 7th IUVDT Regional Conference on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) convened in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to exchange information on the importance of controlling STDs and HIV-AIDS in Asia. Speakers from Thailand, Malaysia, and Japan provided the latest HIV-AIDS epidemiological data. In Thailand, heterosexual transmission of HIV is catching up with iv drug use. Most infected women are 15-24 years old. In Malaysia, drug use iv drug use trails heterosexual transmission of HIV. In Japan, hemophiliacs comprise 85% of HIV-positive people. Current problems do not compare to the sizable task Asian countries face in affecting the progression of the HIV-AIDS epidemic. All countries need to implement control measures quickly and at the same time. They should not pretend traditional values and beliefs would shield their people from the epidemic. Asian countries should especially stop promoting themselves as places of sexual adventure. Control programs should also target STDs. Australian presenters discussed the results of the Sydney Sexual Lifestyle Study and a study on the effect of zidovudine therapy on the prognosis of AIDS. Another presentation focused on the possibility of a vaccine for chlamydia infection. Several papers centered on the treatment of chancroid and gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis and evaluation of a detection test for chlamydia infection. 1 participant reviewed the role of human papilloma virus in cervical carcinogenesis. Another participant demonstrated a link between bacterial vaginosis and adnexal tenderness and pelvic infection. The conference concluded with a presenter challenging everyone to meet the HIV-AIDS challenge. Reasons why current control measures do not work include inadequate facilities to manage STDs, tendency not to consider HIV another STD, failure to promote and lack of condoms, and not educating school children about HIV-AIDS.
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PMID:Seventh IUVDT Regional Conference on Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Kuala Lumpur, 5-7 September 1991. 158 59


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