Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The synthesis of some new aminoadamantane derivatives is described. The new compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses [influenza A H1N1, influenza A H2N2, influenza A H3N2, influenza B, parainfluenza 3, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), thymidine kinase-deficient (TK-) HSV-1, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, Coxsackie B4, Sindbis, Semliki forest, Reo 1, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), TK- VZV, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2)]. Some of them proved markedly active against the influenza A H2N2 (compounds 4a,b, 5a, 6a, and 7a), H3N2 (compounds 5a, 6a, and 7a), and H1N1 (compounds 4b,c and 6d). Since compounds 5a, 6a, and 7a, amantadine, and rimantadine showed the same comparative pattern of potency against influenza strains H2N2, H3N2, and B, it may postulated that they act according to a similar mechanism, with regard to their "amine" effect, on the M2 ion channel of influenza A (H1N1, H2N2, or H3N2). In general, no significant activity was noted with any of the new compounds against any of the other viruses tested, making their activity against influenza virus more specific and striking. Borderline activity was noted with some of the compounds (4b,c, 5a-c, and 8a) against HIV-1.
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PMID:Synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some new aminoadamantane derivatives. 2. 876 14

Sorivudine provides a unique nucleoside analog with significantly enhanced both in vitro as in vitro activity toward VZV and enhanced oral bioavailability, as compared with existing antivirals. Early indications from controlled studies, while not peer reviewed, indicate that sorivudine therapy is superior to acyclovir for the treatment of localized zoster in individuals with HIV infection and chicken pox in adults. These studies await peer evaluation. One might question, as these data unfold, the relative clinical value of antivirals with such enhanced in vitro activity and oral bioavailability as compared to standard compounds. Should these drugs induce accelerated healing, but not as dramatically as would have been anticipated from the in vitro data, new approaches to the management of herpes zoster will need to be developed if further improvement is desired. Despite this provision, sorivudine therapy does appear to result in significantly accelerated healing of cutaneous zoster as compared to acyclovir, and sorivudine can be administered once daily in a dose that is one-hundredth that of acyclovir, and less than one tenth of the doses of valacuyclovir or famciclovir. These findings in and of themselves should allow for licensure of the compound in developed societies.
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PMID:Sorivudine: a potent inhibitor of varicella zoster virus replication. 881 6

Antiviral drugs, other than those with anti-retroviral activity, are used in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection for two purposes: treatment or prevention of viral infections that cause disease in persons with immunodeficiency, and to suppress viruses that might act as co-factors and promote replication of HIV itself. Human herpesviruses are the major targets of therapy in both settings. The herpesviruses, particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) act as opportunistic pathogens as cell-mediated immunity declines, and there is theorectical, in-vitro, and in-vivo evidence that one or more herpesviruses can accelerate the progression of HIV disease. Therapy and prophylaxis with antiherpes compounds such as acyclovir, ganciclovir and foscarnet are well established in HIV infection, and this article will review their present use and recent improvements in formulations and drug delivery.
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PMID:Antivirals in the context of HIV disease. 881 33

A 39-year-old HIV-infected man had manifested a typical varicella successfully treated with intravenous acyclovir. Despite oral acyclovir, he developed 10 days later a widespread eruption of pinpoint-sized erythematous papular lesions. Histologic examination and viral culture showed a persistent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection. Intravenous acyclovir and foscarnet were both efficient. However, each withdrawal of intravenously administered treatment resulted in a rapid relapse. Among the atypical forms of chronic varicella, this eruption appears to be unique. As in our case, chronic VZV infection appears often to be a difficult therapeutic challenge.
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PMID:Chronic varicella presenting as disseminated pinpoint-sized papules in a man infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 883 64

As a result of improved treatment and patient survival, ophthalmic complications are now being seen with increasing frequency in AIDS, occurring in up to 75% of patients during the course of the disease. The eye may be involved by an AIDS-related microvasculopathy, which gives rise to cotton wool spots, and by opportunistic infections caused by a wide range of organisms, including cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Treponema pallidum, Pneumocystis carinii and various fungal agents. Opportunistic infections may be the presenting sign of disseminated infection. The eye may also be involved by neoplasms such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma, and by intracranial disease. Ocular involvement may lead to blindness if untreated and prompt ophthalmological referral is essential. This article reviews the range of ocular diseases seen in HIV and AIDS, current therapeutic options and outcome.
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PMID:Ophthalmic complications of HIV/AIDS. 933 41

For many years, acyclovir has been used to treat herpes simplex and varicella zoster infections in adults and children, although new drugs with improved bioavailability and dosage regimens (ie, famciclovir, valaciclovir) are replacing it for the outpatient management of these conditions in adults. Acyclovir remains the treatment of choice for severe herpes infections in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Data on the newer antiherpes drugs in children are not available. Treatment of severe cytomegalovirus infections with ganciclovir and foscarnet is difficult because of toxicity; whether improved formulations of these drugs or newer agents prove clinically useful remains to be seen. For the most part, treatment of other herpesviruses is not indicated. The major advance in pediatric HIV treatment is the reduction in vertical transmission with peripartum zidovudine, although the optimal use of antiretrovirals in this situation remains to be determined. The nucleoside analogues zidovudine, zalcitabine, didanosine, and stavudine have been assessed in HIV-infected children; pediatric data about appropriate combinations (eg, with the protease inhibitors and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) and dosage regimens lag well behind the adult literature. The effectiveness of ribavirin in respiratory syncytial virus disease is uncertain. Preliminary data suggest that interferons may have a role in the management of chronic hepatitis B and C.
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PMID:Advances in antiviral therapy. 908 51

Chance of opportunistic infections in hospitals is increasing year by year, because of the steady increase in the number of compromised hosts. Opportunistic infections in the nervous system include fungal, protozoal, bacterial and viral infections. Cytomegalovirus and herpes virus (HSV1 and HSV2) cause encephalitis, myelitis and radiculoneuritis. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) often causes herpes zoster, which sometimes disseminates when immunodeficiency is severe. VZV also causes encephalitis. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by JC virus in severely compromised hosts. HIV encephalopathy or AIDS dementia complex is one of late stage complications of HIV infection. Prevalence of PML and HIV encephalopathy among AIDS patients tend to increase as other opportunistic infections became controllable recently. Primary CNS lymphoma in immunocompromised hosts is supposed to be caused by EB virus and/or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV, HHV8). In this sense, CNS lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma can be defined as virus infection-related condition.
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PMID:[Virus-related neurological disorders complicating in compromised hosts]. 910

Viral infections of the brain and spinal cord cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients afflicted with AIDS. Debate continues over the specific mechanisms and pathways of how HIV-1 manifests itself in the brain and spinal cord. Attempts to predict which seropositive patients develop neurocognitive deficits caused by HIV-1 and how soon these deficits will occur in the course of disease have had limited success. The neuropathologic changes of HIV-1 must be distinguished from other viral infections, such as cytomegalovirus, JC papovavirus (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy), herpes simplex virus type 1, and varicella-zoster virus. In addition to cerebral spinal fluid sampling and serum testing, some specific features are seen with contrast-enhanced CT, MR imaging, proton MR spectroscopy, SPECT, and PET.
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PMID:Neuroimaging of AIDS. I. Viral infections. 911 90

Chronic herpesvirus infections are common in patients infected with HIV. Atypical skin lesions secondary to long-standing varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection have been reported. We present a case of an AIDS patient with a chronic VZV infection that simulated a basal cell carcinoma. Histologic examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of the virus in the follicular epithelium. In the immunocompromised patient, biopsies should be performed on all suspicious lesions because medically-treatable infections may take on the appearance of malignancy.
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PMID:Chronic varicella zoster infection mimicking a basal cell carcinoma in an AIDS patient. 914 60

Molecular biology techniques are applied for the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis due to herpesviruses, enteroviruses or polyomaviruses, for the diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus, human parvovirus B19, varicella-zoster virus and rubella virus infections occurring during pregnancy, for the diagnosis and the management of retrovirus infections (HIV and HTLV) and of hepatitis (HBV and HCV), for papillomavirus typing and to detect a link between virus and clinical manifestations (cardiomyopathy or insulinodependent diabetes with coxsackievirus B: Kaposi's sarcoma with HHV 8) or to investigate an environmental contamination with viruses. These new molecular markers which are both qualitative and quantitative represent an important advance in the field of viral diagnosis research, in the monitoring of viral load during the course of infection, in the therapy control of viral disease and in the epidemiology of virus spread. Standardization and automatization are obtained using available commercial reagents and kits.
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PMID:[Molecular biology at the service of the daily medical virology. 2. Applications to virological diagnosis]. 918 Sep 61


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