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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

4-Azido, 4-amino, 4-amido and 4-alkoxy compounds related to the lignans podophyllotoxin and 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin have been synthesized, and their structures elucidated. The Ritter reaction was shown to be useful in the preparation of the 4-amido compounds with the required stereochemistry. A preparative method for 4-chloro-4-deoxypicrophyllotoxin, for which all earlier synthetic attempts resulted in the two dehydrated compounds, alpha- and beta-apopicropodophyllotoxin, was developed. Supplementary preliminary studies of the biological activities of some of the compounds were performed. All compounds had pronounced inhibitory effect on the in vitro growth of human cervical cancer cells and TC-mouse cells with 4-amino-4-deoxypodophyllotoxin and 4-azido-4-deoxypodophyllotoxin showing the highest activity. Alkaline elution studies indicate that the toxicity of the 4'-demethoxy derivatives is due to protein-mediated DNA nicking. None of the compounds were found to have antiviral effect against herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), human immunodeficiency (HIV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in doses not toxic to the cells.
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PMID:New compounds related to podophyllotoxin and congeners: synthesis, structure elucidation and biological testing. 811 May 31

The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that HIV/AIDS for poor women is a qualitatively different disease than the one first defined in the United States in the 1980s. HIV/AIDS for poor women is not a new disease; it is only another life-threatening condition which parallels serious health problems already experienced by these populations. A time-honored and broad continuum of disease and death for poor women is linked to such factors as poverty, self-medication, infant morbidity, infant mortality and cervical cancer. The programmatic responses to HIV/AIDS in poor women have been grafted onto existing services established by and for homosexual men or onto the obstetrical-gynecological and prenatal systems already in place. Furthermore, the primary socio-psychological mechanisms of denial and dependency that characterize poor women are far more salient than notions of risk-taking or sexual lifestyles. These conclusions lead to somber predictions for the course of the epidemic and the prognosis for treatment and care for poor women with HIV.
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PMID:A different disease: HIV/AIDS and health care for women in poverty. 811 85

Prolonged, severe immunodeficiency provides the necessary milieu for the emergence of anogenital neoplasia caused by human papillomaviruses. Cervical and anal neoplasia are likely to become more common manifestations of HIV disease as patients with profound immunodeficiency, who would have succumbed to opportunistic infections earlier in the epidemic, are now surviving for extended periods of time because of increasingly effective antiretroviral, prophylactic, and antimicrobial therapies. Cervical cancer in the setting of HIV infection appears to be a more aggressive disease, less likely to be successfully treated by standard therapies, and consequently associated with a poorer prognosis than in comparable non-HIV-infected women. Anecdotal observations suggest that anal cancer in HIV-infected persons may share these features. Strategies need to be developed for earlier detection and treatment of neoplasia and anogenital cancer in the setting of HIV-induced immunodeficiency.
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PMID:Cervical and anal neoplasia and HPV infection in persons with HIV infection. 812 46

With heterosexual transmission of HIV becoming the primary mode of transmission to women in the USA, and a high rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical neoplasia in HIV-infected women, obstetrician-gynecologists have become primary care providers for HIV-infected women. Reports of a high rate of recurrence and progression of cervical neoplasia in this population suggest that gynecologists must strive to identify those women with cervical neoplasia who are HIV infected. Alterations in local immune response of the genital tract caused by HIV infection may be responsible for higher prevalence, recurrence rates, and progression rates of cervical neoplasms in these women. Since cervical cancer may have a more fulminant course in HIV-infected women and has become an AIDS-defining illness, the surveillance and treatment of cervical neoplasia may need to be more aggressive.
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PMID:Cervical neoplasia in the patient with HIV infection. 818 Mar 57

Individuals infected with HIV have been noted to have an increased rate of anogenital neoplasia. Recent studies have attempted to demonstrate the extent of anal and cervical cancer in the HIV-infected population as well as describe the role of human papillomavirus coinfection in the pathogenesis of these malignancies. This paper reviews the current literature pertaining to HIV-related anogenital neoplasia and suggests a schema for the clinical management of patients at risk.
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PMID:Anogenital neoplasia in patients with HIV infection. 821 99

Although many basic questions about the relationship between HIV and HPV infection remain unresolved, epidemiological studies have consistently shown a strong association between HIV infection and the development of HPV-related squamous intraepithelial neoplasia. This work indicates that HIV infection may promote the clinical manifestation of subclinical or latent HPV infection. Recent technical advances localizing virus DNA and gene products in situ will provide new avenues for investigation, allowing us to go beyond correlations and to clarify the mechanisms of interaction between the two viruses in individual patients. With improved antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis for HIV-associated opportunistic infection and prolonged survival of women with HIV, HPV infection and its most serious consequence, cervical cancer, are likely to assume greater significance in the clinical management of HIV-infected women throughout the world. A better understanding of the role of HIV in promoting the clinical manifestation of HPV infection will be essential to the control of this disease.
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PMID:Role of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus-associated cervical neoplasia. 831 Nov 8

The incidence of three malignancies has increased in conjunction with the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, and they are currently considered acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining conditions. These are Kaposi's sarcoma, associated with AIDS since the onset of the epidemic in 1981; intermediate or high-grade B-cell lymphoma, which became AIDS-defining in 1985; and cervical carcinoma in HIV-infected women, formally recognized as an AIDS-defining diagnosis on January 1, 1993. Approximately 40% of all patients with AIDS have developed cancer during the course of HIV infection. Further, as survival has improved in HIV disease, the incidence of these malignancies has increased. It is thus expected that greater numbers of patients with AIDS-related lymphoma and cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the years ahead. The epidemiologic factors associated with neoplastic disease differ among patients with the three AIDS-related malignancies. The pathogenesis of neoplastic disease also differs. The specific etiologic steps in the development of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma are currently unknown. However, a great deal of information has already been acquired, which may have bearing on the pathogenesis of malignant disease in general, as well as the elucidation of future therapeutic modalities. The specific epidemiologic, etiologic, and clinical characteristics of the AIDS-related malignancies will be described herein. It is hoped that this review will serve to outline our current understanding of this area, to introduce the questions and controversies which are apparent in the field, and to mention those areas in which future research might be focused.
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PMID:AIDS-related malignancies: the emerging epidemic. 835 Mar 62

To determine the types and rates of tumors which may be associated with HIV infection in women, we used cancer incidence data from New York and northern New Jersey. We examined changes in incidence of selected cancers in women aged 20-49 years and compared groups differing in incidence of AIDS. Black women were compared to white women in New York City and in the remainder of New York State; for cervical cancer, rates were also compared for Blacks and Whites in northern New Jersey. The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in women increased in New York City, beginning in 1982 for Blacks and in 1984 for Whites, but remained stable in the remainder of New York State. The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in New York women doubled in Blacks after 1982 whereas incidence trends in Whites were unchanged. No consistent variation was seen in the incidence of Hodgkin's disease. Cervical cancer in New York and northern New Jersey Blacks declined over the same period by approximately 40% for invasive tumors and 50% for in situ lesions. The HIV epidemic is associated with substantial excesses of Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in women. The absence of Kaposi's sarcoma in upstate New York women suggests the existence of a geographically restricted co-factor(s) for Kaposi's sarcoma in addition to HIV. If HIV affected cervical cancer incidence through 1988, its impact was small compared to the striking decreases which followed widespread adoption of Papanicolaou screening.
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PMID:Cancer incidence trends in women at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. 837 Jun 17

With the introduction of modern contraceptives (i.e., oral contraceptives and IUDs), women in France as well as those in Europe in general tend not to use vaginal contraceptives as their principal contraceptive method. Vaginal contraceptives include the condom, diaphragm, and spermicide in the form of a pessary, tablet, jelly, cream, or sponge. When vaginal contraceptives are used correctly, they have an acceptable efficacy and are useful, at least as interim methods. It is important to also consider their part in protecting against sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. Further, the vaginal barrier methods, the condom and the diaphragm, provide significant protection against cervical cancer. 14% of women aged 15-49 in France and 90 million women worldwide use the IUD. Worldwide, the IUD is the primary reversible contraceptive method used. The contraceptive mode of action of the IUD is not yet clearly understood. The most popular IUD is the copper-releasing IUD. The IUD releasing progesterone or a synthetic progestin is useful in treating anemia, menorrhagia, or dysmenorrhea.
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PMID:[Vaginal and intrauterine contraception]. 857 Oct 52

Data are presented on the frequency of malignant tumours registered at the population-based cancer registry in the southern prefecture of Butare, Rwanda, from May 1991 until 2 months before the outbreak of civil war in April 1994. Beginning in 1992, subjects were also interviewed about socio-demographic and life-style factors that have been associated with cancer risk in the West. The distribution of cancer in Rwanda is similar to that in other countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The most frequent cancers are those with possible infectious aetiologies: liver cancer (12%), cervical cancer (12%) and stomach cancer (9%). In addition, cancers known to be associated with HIV infection are relatively frequent (Kaposi's sarcoma [6%] and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [3%]). Chronic infection, including infection with HIV, high parity and multiple sexual partners are important determinants of cancer incidence in this population. Tobacco consumption is low in Rwanda and there are few tobacco-related tumours, such as lung and laryngeal cancer. Other tumours believed to be associated with aspects of Western life-style, such as colorectal and breast cancer, are also relatively infrequent.
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PMID:Cancer in Rwanda. 860 71


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